Desarrollo Economico del Caribe

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Desarrollo Economico del Caribe

Introducción

Las islas del Caribe difieren en idioma, sistemas políticos y tradiciones culturales. Sus retos económicos y sociales están ligados directamente a su historia. El desarrollo económico y social en el Caribe se ha mantenido bajo la influencia internacional desde el siglo 16 y todos los países que componen la región han tenido que enfrentar cambios en el proceso de su desarrollo económico que les han obligado a encontrar nuevas fuentes de ingreso según ha disminuido la demanda por los que en algún momento fueron sus principales productos de exportación y mayor fuente económica.

Bajo el sistema colonial, las islas compraban bienes manufacturados de las poderosas “metrópolis”, quienes a su vez garantizaban el mercado para las exportaciones agrícolas. Debido a que se beneficiaron de las cuotas americanas, las plantaciones azucareras mantuvieron sus ganancias en Cuba, Puerto Rico y la República Dominicana por varias décadas luego de que ya habían desaparecido de gran parte del Caribe del Este. Sin embargo, para fines de la década del 70, todas las islas tuvieron que buscar nuevas maneras de pagar por las importaciones que necesitaban. Para entonces, era difícil crear industrias manufactureras que pudieran competir con las de Estados Unidos, Europa y Asia.

Cambios en el sector agícola

A medida que las industrias y el turismo han aumentado, la producción agrícola ha declinado agudamente. En el caso de Puerto Rico, según los trabajadores encontraron trabajos mejor remunerados, la producción de azúcar cayó drásticamente, al igual que la producción de café y el tabaco. Puerto Rico importa actualmente toda su azúcar, tabaco y café, cosechas que una vez dominaron su lista de exportaciones por décadas.

A raíz de la disminución de la producción de azúcar y el aumento poblacional, los países del Caribe comenzaron a hacer esfuerzos para diversificar sus bases económicas. Coco, especias, guineos, cítricos y piña han adquirido un mayor rol en la producción agrícola. El azúcar aún permanece como un producto mayor de exportación en Jamaica y República Dominicana. En países como Jamaica y Trinidad y Tobago, la bauxita y el petróleo han adquirido prominencia. Otras islas tienen actualmente industrial textiles, manufactura, servicios financieros, plantas de ensamblaje y turismo. Para algunos, estas actividades representan la fuente principal de intercambio con el extranjero.

El sector manufacturero

Aún así, estas industrias no proveen muchos empleos, y aparte de Puerto Rico, la manufactura no ha jugado un papel principal en esta región. Sea cual fuera su estatus político, muchas islas llegaron a depender de una mezcla de turismo, banca “offshore” y fábricas de “ensamblaje” que unificaban y reexportaban bienes importados.

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