Denial of Service Attacks
explanatory Essay
877 words
Denial of Service Attacks
Definition: Denial of Service. A cracker attack that overloads a server to the point that it no longer responds or shuts down completely. To flood a network or individual server with huge amounts of data packets.
How it Works
In a typical connection, the user sends a message asking the server to authenticate it. The server returns the authentication approval to the user. The user acknowledges this approval and then is allowed onto the server. In a denial of service attack, the user sends several authentication requests to the server, filling it up. All requests have false return addresses, so the server can't find the user when it tries to send the authentication approval. The server waits, sometimes more than a minute, before closing the connection. When it does close the connection, the attacker sends a new batch of forged requests, and the process begins again--tying up the service indefinitely.
Types of Attacks
I. Operating System Attacks
These attacks exploit bugs in a specific operating system, which is the basic software that your computer runs, such as Windows 98 or MacOS. In general, when these problems are identified, they are promptly fixed by the company such as Microsoft. So as a first step, always make sure you have the very latest version of your operating system, including all bug fixes. All Windows users should regularly visit Microsoft's Windows update site, which automatically checks to see if you need any updat...
In this essay, the author
- Defines denial of service as a cracker attack that overloads servers to the point that they no longer respond or shut down completely.
- Explains that in a typical connection, the user sends authentication requests to the server, filling them up. the server waits, sometimes longer, before closing the connection.
- Explains that attacks exploit bugs in a specific operating system, which is the basic software that your computer runs, such as windows 98 or macos.
- Defines denial of service as a cracker attack that overloads servers to the point that they no longer respond or shut down completely.
- Explains that in a typical connection, the user sends authentication requests to the server, filling them up. the server waits, sometimes longer, before closing the connection.
- Explains that attacks exploit bugs in a specific operating system, which is the basic software that your computer runs, such as windows 98 or macos.
- Explains that attacks exploit inherent limitations of networking to disconnect you from the irc server or your isp, but don't usually cause your computer to crash.
- Explains that when a session is initiated between the tcp client and server, the buffer space exists to handle the rapid "hand-shaking" exchange of messages. an attacker can send connection requests rapidly and then fail to respond to the reply.
- Explains that the teardrop attack exploits the way the ip requires a packet that is too large for the next router to handle be divided into fragments.
- Explains how a "sniffer" can block attacks by noticing patterns or identifiers in the information. most firewalls contain measures to prevent dos attacks.
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- Nt1330 Unit 7 Labexplanatory essayThis kind of denial of service attack was mainly used in legacy systems because they wouldn’t know what to do with a packet that’s larger than the standard IPv4 packet size of 65,537 when they received it.
In this essay, the author
- Explains how the pod is done by setting up a virtual environment running win95 as the victim and four others as an attackers.
- Describes how they started their windows 95 machines, then went to the victim (pod server) and clicked run from the start menu and entered winipcfg to show the ip address.
- Explains that they repeated the ping ten times and left all command prompts running. they then went to the pod server and opened system monitor tool to show the performance of the system.
- Explains how the pod is done by setting up a virtual environment running win95 as the victim and four others as an attackers.
- Describes how they started their windows 95 machines, then went to the victim (pod server) and clicked run from the start menu and entered winipcfg to show the ip address.
- Explains that they repeated the ping ten times and left all command prompts running. they then went to the pod server and opened system monitor tool to show the performance of the system.
- Explains how they started to ping the pod server from all the machines, each having 10 instances of the command prompt running. the processor usage on the server was increasing and increasing until it reached 100%.
- Describes how the pod server was overwhelmed and the system froze. after a few minutes, some pings started timing out on the attacking machines.
- Explains the ping of death, a type of denial of service attack in which the attacker attempts to crash, destabilize, or freeze the targeted computer or service by sending malformed or oversized packets.
- Explains that dos attacks are common among legacy systems, such as ping flood, which sends icmp (internet control message protocol) without waiting for a reply.
545 wordsRead More - Nt1310 Unit 3 Network Attackcomparative essayThe attack/threat on the Sony PlayStation network was a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) as it caused the servers to go down,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the report will discuss the current network attacks/threats that have happened since 2013. the sony playstation network attack and ashley madison attack will also be discussed.
- Explains that the attack on sony's playstation network was a ddos (distributed denial of service). the lizard squad took down the psn in december and again in august of 2014.
- Explains that lizard squad and anonymous were responsible for the attacks in december and august. they could be arrested by the fbi for trying to take down a big networking company.
- Explains that the report will discuss the current network attacks/threats that have happened since 2013. the sony playstation network attack and ashley madison attack will also be discussed.
- Explains that the attack on sony's playstation network was a ddos (distributed denial of service). the lizard squad took down the psn in december and again in august of 2014.
- Explains that lizard squad and anonymous were responsible for the attacks in december and august. they could be arrested by the fbi for trying to take down a big networking company.
- Explains that the ashley madison attack was a backdoor because the impact team could have used this door to gain access to the databases. the website's promise to delete data about their customers was wrong.
- Explains that the impact team was responsible for the attack, but no one knows the exact identity of the hacker/hackers who took this information.
- Compares the 2011 psn attack with the ashley madison attack in that both websites had their customer's personal information taken by the hackers/attackers. the impact group used a back door while the lizard squad only ddosed.
1019 wordsRead More - Dos Attack Essayanalytical essayDoS ,Denial of Service, attacks are one of the most significant problems faced in the internet. There is a pretty simple way to understand the it, for example, there is a restaurant called DoS, there are so many ways for bad guys to stop the restaurant from normal running, such as destroying the cashier making other customer unable to pay, blocking the door making other people unable to get in, kidnapping the chef. Correspondingly, there are thousands of ways for hacker to initiate the DoS attack. There are two major aspect to launch the attack: band width attack and connection attack. the band width attack means hacker will send enormous information packet to the network, making network resource unavailable, so that the service will deny other customers’ request. For the connection attack, hacker will send tremendous connection request to the server, consuming all the system resource, so that the server will unable to receive other customers’ request. In past time, the attacker have to use huge band width to launch the DoS attack, however, it is almost impossible for one person to have it, in order to solve this, the hacker develop some software to control multiple compromised system flooding the targeted system with traffic, which is called DDoS(Distributed Denial of Service). As i mentioned above, there are many ways to launch the attack, such as ping flood(sending the server overwhelming number of ping packets), ping of death(sending the server with malformed ping packet), SYN flood, teardrop attacks, smurf attack, P2P attacks, application level flood.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that dos attacks are one of the most significant problems faced in the internet.
- Argues that the internet has to be able to offer great reliable service, even if there are so many hostility.
- Explains that the ip address can be divided into two parts: a set of client addresses and server addresses, and forbid the connection between two clients and two servers.
- Explains that dos attacks are one of the most significant problems faced in the internet.
- Argues that the internet has to be able to offer great reliable service, even if there are so many hostility.
- Explains that the ip address can be divided into two parts: a set of client addresses and server addresses, and forbid the connection between two clients and two servers.
- Explains that it is not necessary for the client address to have meaning on the global network, the address only need to be meaningful in the path between server and client, making the server know where the packet should send toward.
816 wordsRead More - Detecting and Mitigating DoS or Distributed DoS Attacksexplanatory essayDenial of service (DoS) and distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is a means to take control of a computer terminal or network resources to disrupt communications of a computer host with a connection to the Internet. A DDoS is an attack sent by more than two computer hosts or a coopted zombie computers in a botnet and DoS is an attack by one computer host. Either attack will flood an online computer or network with of incoming messages to overwhelm the targeted system thus denying service to the internet or communication with authorized users (US-CERT, 2013).
In this essay, the author
- Explains the use of recording the ip address in an address database (iad), which is updated regularly with legitimate ip addresses and deletes those that expired.
- Explains that an endpoint id (eid) is an ipv4 address that uses the source and destination of the first header of a packet.
- Explains that the course reading and hands-on tour of a government network at their place of employment was well worth the invested time.
- Explains the use of recording the ip address in an address database (iad), which is updated regularly with legitimate ip addresses and deletes those that expired.
- Explains that an endpoint id (eid) is an ipv4 address that uses the source and destination of the first header of a packet.
- Explains that the course reading and hands-on tour of a government network at their place of employment was well worth the invested time.
- Explains that a ddos attack is an attack sent by more than two computer hosts, or coopted zombie computers, and dos attacks are carried out by one computer host.
- Explains that they chose each article for the unique approach in the hopes that their summaries are not duplicated by another student and on the recommendation of their computer security manager.
- Explains that they selected this article to review first for its basic approach in what can be regarded as an early state of the internet.
- Explains that the second component of sim is detection and learning capability that records the source ip addresses in a given time interval named detection-resolution.
- Explains that they selected the document to mitigate a dos or ddos attack by means of network architecture through physical or logical methods.
- Describes the sos architecture as a computer network constructed on top of the internet.
- Describes the split mapping network by liu et al., which enhances network communications performance and mitigates the role of the hacktivist on the internet.
- Explains that routing locator rloc is an ipv6 address of a tunnel router and is the output of an eid-to-lictor separation protocol mapping lookup.
- Cites bonaventure's book, "scaling the internet with the locator/identifier separation protocol (lisp).
- Explains how the arc special research center department of electrical and electronic engineering detects distributed denial of service attacks using source ip address monitoring.
- Explains zade a, patil s & salunke d (2011) a novel technique for detection and prevention of distributed denial of service attacks.
2566 wordsRead More - The Firewallcomparative essay...ng it, crashing it, jamming it, or flooding it. Denial of service is impossible to prevent because of the distributed nature of the network: every network node is connected via other networks, which in turn connect to other networks. A firewall administrator or ISP has control of only a few of the local elements within reach. An attacker can always disrupt a connection "upstream" from where the victim controls it. In other words, someone who wants to take a network off the air can either take the network off the air directly or take the network it connects to off the air, or the network that connects to that network off the air, ad infinitum. Hackers can deny service in many ways, ranging from the complex to the brute-force.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that a firewall enforces an access control policy between two or more networks.
- Explains that a screened subnet firewall controls access to and from the whole network.
- Opines that the future of firewall technology lies somewhere between network-level and application level firewalls. both networks and applications incorporate encryption to protect traffic passing between them over the internet.
- Explains that a firewall enforces an access control policy between two or more networks.
- Explains that a screened subnet firewall controls access to and from the whole network.
- Opines that the future of firewall technology lies somewhere between network-level and application level firewalls. both networks and applications incorporate encryption to protect traffic passing between them over the internet.
- Explains that the texas a&m university security tools include software for implementing screening routers. digital equipment corporation kernel-screening software, screend, is available for bsd/386, netbsd, and
- Explains how the cisco router example, shown in figure d.4, displays one possible configuration as filtering router. it shows the implementation of a specific example policy.
- Illustrates how a company's class c network address is connected to the internet via an isp. the company policy allows everybody access to internet services, so all outgoing connections are accepted.
- Explains that the rules are tested in order and stop when the first match is found. an implicit "deny" rule at the end of the access list denies everything else.
- Recommends allowing "established" connections an outward path via a router, if you are using screening routers.
- Explains that the tis firewall toolkit (fwtk) includes a proxy called http-gw, which proxies web, gopher/gopher+ and ftp. microsoft's proxy server supports most functions.
- Explains that telnet can be supported by using an application proxy, such as the tis firewall toolkit's tn-gw or microsoft’s proxy server, or by configuring a router to permit outgoing connections using "established" screening rules.
- Explains that an icmp redirect tells the recipient system to override something in its routing table. this feature is legitimately used by routers to tell hosts that the host is using a non-optimal or defunct route.
- Explains that the internet is a fun little playground and at the same time hostile environment. a firewall is important because it embodies corporate policy.
- Explains that some firewalls permit only e-mail traffic, while others provide less strict protections or block services that are known to be problems.
- Opines that firewalls cannot protect against attacks that don't go through the firewall. magnetic tapes export data just as effectively as the internet.
- Argues that firewalls can't replace users' security consciousness, and that organizations should implement organization-wide virus control measures.
- Explains the basic design issues of a firewall. the first is how your company or organization wants to operate the system; the second is the level of monitoring, redundancy, and control.
- Explains that firewalls come in two flavors: network level and application level. they make their decisions based on the source, destination addresses, and ports in individual ip packets.
- Explains that application-level firewalls are hosts running proxy servers, which permit no traffic directly between networks and log and audit traffic passing through them.
- Describes a proxy server as an application gateway or forwarder that mediates traffic between protected networks and the internet.
- Advises that if an incoming packet claims to be from the local network, drop the packet.
- Recommends blocking all services that listen for tcp connections on high port numbers. x-windows and openwindows are candidates.
- Recommends using cisco code version 9.21 or later to filter incoming packets and check for address spoofing.
- Explains how to hide dns names from the outside world by setting up a dns server on the bastion host and an internal server.
- Recommends setting up a proxy server, allowing incoming connections to the network, and modifying the ftp client application on internal hosts.
- Explains that many firewall administrators permit connections to the finger port from only trusted machines, which issues finger requests in the form of finger user@host.domain@firewall.
- Explains that most firewall administrators support gopher and archie through web proxies, while many sites rely on internet-based web-to-archie servers.
- Explains that x-windows has major security flaws. remote systems can monitor a user's keystrokes and download copies of the contents of their windows.
- Explains that the route a packet takes from its source to its destination is determined by the routers between the source and destination.
- Explains that a denial-of-service attack occurs when someone makes your network or firewall useless by disrupting it.
5205 wordsRead More - Ishmael Beah Key Passagesanalytical essayAs we read through the memoir A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah, there are many striking moments or key passages that have a lot of meaning, character development, or plot development. These key moments occur at many times, such as before Ishmael is a soldier, during Ishmael’s time as a soldier, and during rehabilitation from being a soldier. The three most striking of key passages from the book that are important to character development, plot development, and meaning is when Ishmael learned to be more independent, when war and killing becomes a daily part of Ishmael’s life, and the theme of revenge causes more revenge.
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- Analyzes how ishmael beah's memoir, a long way gone, has striking moments that have a lot of meaning, character development, or plot development.
- Analyzes how ishmael continues to have excellent survival tactics and plans, and he manages to stay calm under the self-pressure and never panics.
- Analyzes how ishmael realizes he had lost all of his innocence as a child, which leads to the main conflict later in the story.
- Analyzes how ishmael beah's memoir, a long way gone, has striking moments that have a lot of meaning, character development, or plot development.
- Analyzes how ishmael continues to have excellent survival tactics and plans, and he manages to stay calm under the self-pressure and never panics.
- Analyzes how ishmael realizes he had lost all of his innocence as a child, which leads to the main conflict later in the story.
- Analyzes how the last key passage shows one of the best themes in the book. if the meaning of this theme was utilized everywhere, the world would be a much peaceful place.
- Analyzes how ishmael's three passages before, during, and after the war, having to due with independence, innocence and revenge, are important to how the book a long way gone plays out.
798 wordsRead More - Nt1310 Unit 1 Lab Reportexplanatory essayA state variable known as congestion window is implemented by the TCP protocol which stops the clogging of the network by regulating and putting a limit on the data that is sent on the network in turn reducing congestion, timeouts and lost packets.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the purpose of lab 1 is to know and research about congestion control algorithms implemented in tcp. it usually done by simulating a network in riverbed modeler software.
- Explains how they captured congestion window data for tcp by placing 2 subnets in usa, one on the west coast, and one in the east coast connected by an ip cloud.
- Explains that the red line indicates the increased receiver buffer. due to increase in buffer, more data bytes can be transmitted in the identical period of time and very few periods of loss occur before the file is transmitted.
- Explains that the purpose of lab 1 is to know and research about congestion control algorithms implemented in tcp. it usually done by simulating a network in riverbed modeler software.
- Explains how they captured congestion window data for tcp by placing 2 subnets in usa, one on the west coast, and one in the east coast connected by an ip cloud.
- Explains that the red line indicates the increased receiver buffer. due to increase in buffer, more data bytes can be transmitted in the identical period of time and very few periods of loss occur before the file is transmitted.
- Explains that lab 1 facilitated them to understand and imagine how congestion occurs in tcp and how the same is controlled. fast retransmit and altering the buffer size on the receiver’s side can significantly reduce the time taken to transfer data.
- Explains that lab 1 demonstrates the capabilities of congestion control algorithms implemented by transmission control protocol (tcp).
- Explains that in the scenario ( no_drop ), there is a gradual increase in both the congestion window and the sent segment sequence number window.
- Explains why segment sequence number remains unchanged with every drop in the congestion window. drop_nofast has the slowest growth in sequence numbers since it has 0.5% of packet drop.
- Explains the overlaid results represent the loss of packets and their retransmission all occurring in timeout periods in the network.
1033 wordsRead More - Nt2580 Unit 6 Lab 1analytical essayIn this lab, we used Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which is a connection oriented protocol, to demonstrate congestion control algorithms. As the name itself describes, these algorithms are used to avoid network congestion. The algorithms were implemented in three different scenarios i.e. No Drop Scenario, Drop_Fast Scenario and Drop_NoFast Scenario.
In this essay, the author
- Describes how the lab used transmission control protocol (tcp) to demonstrate congestion control algorithms, which are used to avoid network congestion.
- Explains the objective of this lab is to set up a network which uses tcp for end-to-end transmission and analyse the size of the congestion window with different scenarios.
- Explains that they started with creating a new project in riverbed modeler. according to the manual, they chose usa from the map list.
- Describes how the lab used transmission control protocol (tcp) to demonstrate congestion control algorithms, which are used to avoid network congestion.
- Explains the objective of this lab is to set up a network which uses tcp for end-to-end transmission and analyse the size of the congestion window with different scenarios.
- Explains that they started with creating a new project in riverbed modeler. according to the manual, they chose usa from the map list.
- Explains how they added application config, profile configuration, ip32_cloud and two subnets into the project workspace.
- Explains that the next step is to set the names of the devices on the network and edit their attributes.
- Explains that for the west subnet, two ethernet_servers and one router are connected with a bidirectional 100 baset link.
- Explains that the flavour is set to tohoe for no_drop and drop_nofast scenarios, and reno for drop
- Explains that the ethernet_wkstn and ethernet4_slip8_gtwy are set similar to the west subnet node.
- Compares the three scenarios for sent segment sequence number. the green curve represents no_drop scenario where there is no loss of packets and the blue curve which represents drop_fast scenario increases exponentially.
- Explains how they gained practical exposure to the riverbed modeler, including the transmission control protocol, additive increase and multiplicative decease mechanisms, and how different algorithms like tahoe and reno effect congestion control mechanisms.
- Explains that the name of the application is set to applications. the attributes are edited as shown in the picture below.
- Explains that for the profile config, the name is set to profiles and the attributes are edited as shown in the picture below.
- Analyzes the results of the no_drop scenario, showing that the congestion window is shot up because there isn't any retransmission of packets.
- Analyzes the congestion window size graph with lots of fluctuations and spikes because discarded packets are retransmitted only after the time out period is reached.
- Explains that for drop_fast scenario, we change the flavour of the tcp properties to reno for fast recovery and fast retransmit mechanism.
- Explains that the segment sequence number is used as a reference number for the segments that are sent from the sender.
- Analyzes the graph that compares segment sequence numbers of the three scenarios. drop_nofast has the slowest growth in sequence numbers.
- Explains the drop_nofast scenario by comparing sent segment sequence number (red curve) with received segment ack number statistic (blue curve).
- Explains how to create a duplicate of the drop_fast scenario by editing the attributes of client_east and assigning 65535 to its receiver buffer attribute.
1286 wordsRead More - Why Is Fracking Be Bannedopinion essayHydraulic fracking, commonly known as fracking, is a way of extracting oil and natural gas from deep inside the Earth. The process starts with a well that is drilled vertically to a depth of one to two miles underground. Once the drill reaches the point at which natural oil and gas is found, the well curves about 90 degrees and continues to drill for more than one mile.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that fracking should be banned in the united states of america. many people think that they know what it is, but in reality, they don't.
- Describes hydraulic fracking as a way of extracting oil and natural gas from deep inside the earth.
- Explains that fracking is hurting people one well at a time. environmental america scientists say 280 billion gallons of toxic wastewater generated in 2012 alone.
- Opines that fracking should be banned in the united states of america. many people think that they know what it is, but in reality, they don't.
- Describes hydraulic fracking as a way of extracting oil and natural gas from deep inside the earth.
- Explains that fracking is hurting people one well at a time. environmental america scientists say 280 billion gallons of toxic wastewater generated in 2012 alone.
- Opines that fracking is bad for people and the earth, but it does boost the united states' economy.
919 wordsRead More - Sybil Attack Essayanalytical essayBlackhole attack is another type of DoS attack that generates and disseminates build routing information. As mentioned in [20], a attacker, exploiting the flooding based routing protocol, advertises itself as having a valid shortest route to the destined node. If the atacker replies to the requesting node before the actual node replies, a bogus route will be created. Hence packets are not forwarded to the certain destination node; instead, the attacker intercepts the packets, drops them and thus, attracts network traffic [21].
In this essay, the author
- Explains how a sybil node can get an identity by stealing other nodes' identities or fabricating fake identities. this attack can harm geographic routing protocols and even threat multiple path routing schemes.
- Analyzes how a sinkhole attacker places itself at very strong status in the network and spoofs neighboring nodes. the compromised node could perform selective forwarding, packet dropping or data manipulation.
- Describes blackhole attack as a type of dos attack that generates and disseminates build routing information.
- Explains how a sybil node can get an identity by stealing other nodes' identities or fabricating fake identities. this attack can harm geographic routing protocols and even threat multiple path routing schemes.
- Analyzes how a sinkhole attacker places itself at very strong status in the network and spoofs neighboring nodes. the compromised node could perform selective forwarding, packet dropping or data manipulation.
- Describes blackhole attack as a type of dos attack that generates and disseminates build routing information.
- Explains the gray hole attack on manets. the attacker exploits the aodv protocol to advertise itself as having a valid route.
- Explains that manet's successful work relies on the collaboration of participating nodes in communication. selfing attacks, which participate in the routing protocol correctly, do not forward the data packets to the destination node.
- Explains that in manet, a dos attack can be easily setup by flooding numerous request packets.
- Explains that tunneling attack is one of the most sophisticated attacks in manets. it captures data packets from one point in a network and tunnels them to another attacker located several hops away.
631 wordsRead More - Lockheed Martin Containment Strategyopinion essayNetwork modification is one of the action to be considered when DDoS attack occurs. In this situation incident response team could switch to different network by using domain name system (DNS). IP address are translated through DNS by their domain name and DNS and DNS responsibility is to allow the user to securely browse into any websites. Also, DNS allows to send and receive emails through any web browsers in any website. Incident team should distribute the attack traffic across the network of data center so it will delay the DDoS attack in spreading into other networks. At last, traffic should be sent to high capacity networks so it can go through scrubbing services.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that containment is the most important role to be played in an incident respond.
- Recommends isolating vlans and firewalls depending upon the situation. containment is used only to minimize and limit the incident so it doesn't lead to any additional issues.
- Explains that network behavior analysis (nba) enhances security and determines unusual actions in the network which could lead to ddos attack.
- Explains that containment is the most important role to be played in an incident respond.
- Recommends isolating vlans and firewalls depending upon the situation. containment is used only to minimize and limit the incident so it doesn't lead to any additional issues.
- Explains that network behavior analysis (nba) enhances security and determines unusual actions in the network which could lead to ddos attack.
- Opines that lockheed martin will take proper actions to detect the threat and fix the affected computers until the company manufactures and provides cleaner and newer system.
- Explains that the company will perform forensic images of the affected computer to understand how system was compromised. once the image is finished, they will back up the entire system and take necessary steps to patch the system.
- Explains that network modification is one of the actions to be considered when ddos attack occurs. incident response team could switch to different network by using domain name system.
- Describes the steps that the company will take to contain the data of its company.
784 wordsRead More - The Origin of Modern Humansanalytical essayAccording to Stringer and Andrews, the Out-of-Africa Model suggests that there is a fairly recent common ancestor that shares many of the anatomical characteristics displayed by modern Homo Sapiens (1263). This version is more parsimonious with regard to the fact that it ...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the arguments asserted by wolpoff, hawks, and caspari regarding the out-of-africa model and the multiregional model of evolution.
- Argues that the out-of-africa model minimizes independently acquired traits and parallel evolution in populations that had radiated to different places in africa and eurasia.
- Analyzes how wolpoff et al debunk a 1998 article by chu claiming that the multiregional model of evolution must be wrong due to contradicting genetic evidence.
- Analyzes the arguments asserted by wolpoff, hawks, and caspari regarding the out-of-africa model and the multiregional model of evolution.
- Argues that the out-of-africa model minimizes independently acquired traits and parallel evolution in populations that had radiated to different places in africa and eurasia.
- Analyzes how wolpoff et al debunk a 1998 article by chu claiming that the multiregional model of evolution must be wrong due to contradicting genetic evidence.
- Explains stringer and andrews' claim that the multiregional method is based on the idea that homo erectus arose in africa then traveled throughout the world.
- Explains that stringer and andrews collected genetic data by comparing mtdna (mitochondrian dna) between various populations. genetic distances calculated from blood groups suggest a closer bond between caucasoids (european groups) and negroids (african groups).
- Explains that paleontological data supports stringer and andrews for three reasons. first, homo erectus fossils from asia are more distinct than their european and african counterparts.
- Analyzes how stringer and andrews admit that there is exceptionally high variation in australian hominins during the pleistocene and early holocen — this contradicts both the multiregional model and the out of african model.
- Explains that stringer and andrews aren't the only proponents of this out-of-africa model. pearson shows support for this theory in his 2004 article, "has the combination of genetic and fossil evidence solved the riddle of modern human origins?"
- Analyzes pearson's argument that while there are disagreements about the origin of modern humans, there is a consensus that the majority of populations were indeed african based.
- Analyzes the difficulty of fitting eswaran's diffusion-wave model into the current evidence supported by the fossil and genetic record.
- Explains pearson's argument in his 2004 article that the multiregional method must consider bottlenecking, gene flow, and admixture of archaic hominins and homo sapiens.
- Analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the three articles. wolpoff et al, stringer and andrews use statistical data, derived logic, and concise writing tactics to be the most persuasive.
- Argues that the multiregional method continues to be refined to create a valid explanation for our beginnings as humans. without debates like this, the research community could lay stagnant.
- Analyzes how the comination of genetic and fossil evidence solved the riddle of modern humans?
- Explains the diffusion-wave model for the spread of modern humans.
1944 wordsRead More - Distributed Denial of Service Attacksanalytical essayWithin the last decade, the internet has proven to be the most efficient way to complete tasks in today’s society. Every major business in today’s society relies on the internet to conduct business. Though the internet is a useful tool, our reliability on it opens up the door for cyber-attacks that can be detrimental to business as a whole. One example of a cyber-attacks that have recently started becoming more prevalent are DDoS attacks. Recently, DDoS attacks have been a rising issue for businesses owners who run their own servers, such as video game companies and other high profile web servers, including banks and other credit card payment gateways.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the internet has proved to be the most efficient way to complete tasks in today's society, but its reliability opens up the door for cyber-attacks that can be detrimental to business as a whole.
- Explains the process of flooding a network with communication requests until the server cannot respond to the traffic, making it unavailable to its intended users.
- Analyzes how the system redirects excessive traffic to a shared scrubbing facility and drops the ddos attack packets.
- Explains that the internet has proved to be the most efficient way to complete tasks in today's society, but its reliability opens up the door for cyber-attacks that can be detrimental to business as a whole.
- Explains the process of flooding a network with communication requests until the server cannot respond to the traffic, making it unavailable to its intended users.
- Analyzes how the system redirects excessive traffic to a shared scrubbing facility and drops the ddos attack packets.
- Explains that the company developed a system in which they can connect their ip network to mitigate ddos attacks.
- Explains that the idea that anyone can hack into a business’s server is scary, but there are ways one can go about protecting themselves. main stream companies realize that this is growing and offer services which allow them mitigate any malicious activity being sent.
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