Dengue, a viral-borne deadly disease carried to humans by the two major vectors Aedes aegypticus and Aedes albopictus. Death due to the virulence of dengue virus has reached the point of dispute across the world tremendously. No specific anti-viral tablets or injections that kill the dengue virus have been suggested. The major problem in finding out an effective vaccine for dengue viral infection is antibody dependent enhancement that occurs when the immune system is exposed to different serotypes of dengue virus. Selecting proper antigens serves as keystone for developing successive vaccines and also designing a tetravalent vaccine with safety and efficacy will have a valuable impact on the consequence of this deadly disease. Advancement in expression proteomics helps in analysing the entire protein complement of the genome and has led to an increased focus on pathogenic biology.
Our research objective has been to identify the set of proteins that exhibits characteristic differential abundance in response to dengue viral infection in vero cells. Identifying the host responses strongly correlate with onset of severe dengue that helps in understanding of dengue pathogenesis and serves as biomarkers to screen for patients at risk for severe dengue and generate novel drug targets. Proteins are the major biomarkers that help in anticipating the genesis, diagnosis, amelioration, atavism or causatum of treatment of disease (Naylor, 2003). Of the techniques available currently two dimensional gel electrophoresis has been widely used because of its robustness under different experimental conditions for analysing the complex number of proteins in a single run (Vytvytska et al., 2002). Use of this powerful tool helps in identifying the n...
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...t the four serotypes of dengue virus (Raviprakash et al., 2006).
Many proteins have been upregulated and down regulated upon dengue viral infection that serve as useful biomarkers. These include proteins such as MCP-1 (Monocyte chemoattractive protein-1) that is highly expressed upon dengue viral infection. Genes involved in oxidoreductive and stress responsive process displayed dengue infection- responsive regulation. Ten were down regulated and five were up regulated. Down regulated proteins include heme peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and thioredoxins. Proteins up regulated by viral infection include NADH dehydrogenase (AAEL010673) and two mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (AAEL005413 and AAEL001615) (Reyes-Del Valle et al., 2005). Still more biomarkers has to be brought to light for identifying potential antagonist to fight against this deadly disease.
Through the rise of technological advances in medicine, the vaccine has changed the world for the greater good of the human race. Making a great triumph and virtually eliminating an array of life-threatening diseases, from smallpox to diphtheria, thus adding approximately thirty years to many humans’ life spans. Although, a new complication has arisen, possibly linking neurological digression with this rise of new vaccines. Such a digression has forced parents to exempt their children from receiving vaccinations and brought forth mental anguish affecting the minds of many.
After watching The Vaccine War, the main concerns of vaccines are public safety, the aftermath of injecting harmful chemicals into ones’ body and the parents that choose not to vaccinate their children. In the beginning of the documentary, a mother, Jennifer Margulis, states she felt like it was not needed for her newborn child to be vaccinated for a sexual transmitted disease. She feels like the ingredients are scary for a young child to take in with an immature immune system. The other issue is a massive outbreak of disease that could have been prevented. The Center of Disease Control is carefully watching the town that Ms. Margulis lives, Ashland, Oregon, because it’s the least vaccinated places in America due to parents opting out of vaccines.
Rabies virus belongs to Lyssavirus genus, Rhadboviridae family. It is a negative-sense, non-segmented, single-strand RNA and 180 nm long* 75 nm wide bullet-shape virus. All rhabdoviruses have two main structural components: a helical ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and a surrounding viral envelope. The rabies virus genome encodes five functional proteins: L (transcriptase), N (nucleoprotein), and NS (transcriptase-associated) protein with viral RNA are composed of the RNP complex. This complex adds up in the cytoplasm of neurons that are infected by rabies virus and makes up Negri body that is an indicator of rabies for histopathologists. Another two proteins are M (matrix) and G (glycoprotein) proteins that are associated with the lipid envelope. The G protein shapes the protrusions that are spikes-shape surface antigen on the virion envelope and induce virus-neutralizing antibody.
Vaccine safety is one of the most controversial topics in today’s public discourse. Everyone has heard of them, but few know why they are so encouraged. A vaccine contains a weak or dead version of a microbe. This creates a small scale invasion of the immune system, which activates cells to destroy the microbe. Once these cells have been made they are always there to provide protection. This protection is immunity, for those cells are then able to recognize any live version of the same microbe and attack it immediately. This can save lives but also be dangerous, vaccines carry many other components which can cause side effects. These could be simple adverse effects such as a small cold or, in the rare case,
The discovery of yellow fever would have not been possible if people had not put aside their misconceptions of where diseases originated. Diseases in olden time were believed to be divine punishment to people who had committed bad deeds, and therefore not much was done to try to find cures for diseases like yellow fever. As defined by the World Health Organization, yellow fever an acute viral hemorrhagic diseases transmitted by infected mosquitoes, and a common characteristic of this disease is the development of jaundice which gave it the name "yellow" fever. The mosquito responsible for the transmission of the disease is the female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Her transmission of the disease occurs as a result of it biting an infected host and inside her body the virus multiplies, and afterwards if the mosquito bites someone that person becomes infected.
Mosquitoes, fever and even death may be some of the things that come to mind when we're asked to think about West Nile Virus. Many of us would consider mosquitoes a small trade-off for what the summertime provides, but what if there were more at risk than a bump above your skin and an itch? In a not so distant past West Nile Virus ascended into news broadcasts all throughout the country and alarming it's residents. Today however, that all seems to be an afterthought. The intentions today are to cover the first found cases of West Nile Virus, the symptoms of West Nile Virus, and finally West Nile Virus' impact on the United States. Through the research here, the hope is that we can all have a better understanding of how West Nile Virus works.
North American children are now the most vaccinated on earth. Children receive about thirty-three doses of ten vaccinations by the age of five years. Not only do children need a separate vaccine for most diseases (hepatitis B, polio, Hib, and chicken pox are single vaccines; DTaP and MMR are multiple) but they generally need more than one dose of each vaccine. Because of the many vaccines needed, vaccination is an extremely controversial topic in the United States Today. Whatever side of the aisle you may fall with regard to your opinion about vaccination, one thing is for certain: the choice to vaccinate or not is a decision that has the potential to greatly impact the health of you and most importantly, your children for the rest of their lives.
A vaccination is the injection of weak disease-causing agents that help the body develop immunity against specific infectious diseases ("Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important?"). It is through these vaccinations that children will develop immunity without suffering from the actual diseases that vaccines prevent ("Why Are Childhood Vaccines So Important?"). The field of medicine has come a long way. Vaccines are considered to be one of the public health’s greatest accomplishments to date. With the help of vaccines and public health, the overall goal is to prevent disease and promote health.
“This knowledge will help us design drugs that mimic the viral effects on these proteins to either activate a host’s immune response or shut it down,” said Dr. Michael Gale, associate ...
The Ebola virus is also a part of the Filoviridae family, along with Marburg, and contains a lipid envelope and has a single RNA strand. Ebolavirons are approximately 80 nanometers in width and vary in length. They also contain seven structural proteins that are surrounded by the lipid envelope that has an attached glycoprotein. During replication, it goes through translation but during transcription it stops after one or two genes so that on the 3 prime end it is completely transcribed but the 5 prime end is not transcribed and does not possess a 5-cap.
Vaccines are an integral part of modern preventive medicine. Without vaccines, not only would most malignant epidemics still be around, and the world would also be in a much more polluted era. The streets would be littered with diseased, there would have to be mass graves for the dead, and the healthy would have to be quarantined inside a sterile environment.
(Jane C Finlay, Noni E MacDonald, 2001). Working with Vaccine -hesitant parents. Canadian Paediatric Society. Retrieved May 3, 2013, from http://www.cps.ca
The discovery of the polio vaccine was an important medical and scientific breakthrough because it saved many lives since the 1950s. In the summer of 1916 the great polio epidemic struck the United states. By the 1950s hundreds of thousands of people had been struck by the poliomyelitis. The highest number of cases occurred in 1953 with over 50,000 people infected with the virus.
When children are born and for the first two years of their lives, they receive multiple shots and drops of vaccines. These vaccines protect them from getting diseases that were deadly and common in children many decades ago. Vaccine is one of the greatest achievement in medicine history. There were thousands of lives lost in the battle with some of the terrifying diseases like smallpox and polio. Now, after years of vaccine invention, vaccination spread in many countries which helped in eradicate several illnesses. In the United States, each family is required to show their children's immunization chart in order to get accepted in many educational institutes. Parents usually face the decision whether to vaccinate their children or not when their children are first born. Knowing how vaccines are made and their mechanism to prevent diseases as well as, the process they go through to be approved for public use, can help parents in making the choice for vaccinating their children.
Dengue is an acute febrile viral disease transmitted by mosquitos. There are 4 antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus – DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. Each of the dengue virus serotypes is capable of causing severe dengue. Infection with one of the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV 1-4) can cause severe dengue and early viral burdens. Most of the dengue virus infections are asymptomatic while the rest result in a broad spectrum of disease that differs in severity from mild undifferentiated fever, i.e. the classical dengue fever (DF), to the potentially serious complications known as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) an...