Democratic and Undemocratic Aspects of the Constitutional Convention The Articles of Confederation was the first government of the United States. The Articles had created a very weak national government. At the time the Articles were approved, they had served the will of the people. Americans had just fought a war to get freedom from a great national authority--King George III (Patterson 34). But after this government was put to use, it was evident that it was not going to keep peace between the states. The conflicts got so frequent and malicious that George Washington wondered if the “United” States should be called a Union (Patterson 35). Shays’ Rebellion finally made it evident to the public that the government needed a change. A group of men with political power and status, an elite by definition, got together and decided the solution to the problem of government was to have a group of men evaluate the Articles and make the proper changes. At least, this was what Congress thought the purpose of the Constitutional Convention was when they approved it (Patterson 37). The first step of the Constitution was undemocratic. No popular vote was taken either directly or indirectly on the proposition to approve a convention (Beard 14). The group of men who wanted the convention was skillful in getting it approved in that their proposal of it was a surprise. This gave the Federalists an upper hand. Their opponents, the Anti-Federalists, could not refuse to a discussion of possible, and perhaps necessary, reforms. By refusing, they could lose the support of the public very easily (Roche 18). The next step of the convention was more democratic, in that there were delegates sent to Philadelphia by the state legislatures (Roche 18). Since the legislatures were chosen by elections in the states, the delegates to the convention were indirectly chosen by the people. Rhode Island did not send delegates, but there was an opportunity for them to do so. They decided against sending anyone since they knew they would not be welcomed by the convention. James Madison, a delegate and one of the main supporters of a stronger national authority, had thought ahead and drew up the Virginia Plan before the convention in Philadelphia began. Thus, it became the first discussion of the committee (Roche 19).
The Articles of Confederation was the nation’s first Constitution. The articles created a loose Confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to the central government. Each state would have one vote in the House of Congress, no matter the size of the population. Members of the one-house Congress, such as Pennsylvania, agreed that the new government should be a unicameral legislature, without an executive branch or a separate judiciary. Under the article, there wasn’t a strong independent executive.
In comparing the Articles of Confederation with the U.S constitution that was produced by the federal convention in 1787, it is important to note that the U.S operated under both documents. During March 1, 1781, the Articles of Confederation went into effect when it was ratified by Maryland. However, the U.S constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation as soon as it was ratified on June 21, 1788 by New Hampshire. The main difference between the Articles of Confederations and the U.S Constitution is that the constitution didn’t force the laws, but established the why of the constitution. In establishing the why, it warranted the farmers to work on the government being better than the Articles of Confederations. They wanted the government
In 2011 The Joint Commission called attention to healthcare worker fatigue and the impact it was having on patient safety. They found a direct link between healthcare worker fatigue and adverse events. They recommended healthcare facilities assessed their policies to identify fatigue-related risks, such as off-shift hours and consecutive shift work, and review their staffing to address areas that may be contributing to nurse fatigue (Martin, 2015).
Franklin's optimism came only after many months of debate and argumentation over the form of government that would best secure the future safety and happiness of the young American republic. At times it seemed that the Convention would fail as a result of seemingly views between the delegates, especially on the questions of selecting representatives to Congress, the relationship of the national and state governments, and the powers of the president.
The scenes in creation being intellectual, the put together of constitutional democracy was very empirical. The Constitutional Convention was convened to formulate the constitution. What had to be clear was that the only way to assure a functioning constitutional democracy was the public's discussion. In philadelphia the delegates compromised. The outcome was to integrate states with large populations and states with small populations with a bicameral legislative branch. Also compromises that guaranteed say from both slave owning states and non-slave states could be listened to. The Bill of Rights
Smith, B. L. (2008). Pilot Fatigue Detection Using Aircraft State Variables. West Virginia University: College of Engineering and Mineral Resources. Retrieved from http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS8xMzk3MA==.pdf
It is estimated that pilot fatigue contributes to 15-20% of all fatal air accidents related to human error. It is precisely at the moment when most people would feel ‘dead tired’ at the end of a long working day, that pilots must be fully alert to make critical decisions, concentrate and ensure a safe landing. In any case, getting to one’s destination in one piece is much more important than the price of one’s ticket
The problem is stated clearly throughout the introduction. The background information illustrates that fatigue is not well understood. If the patterns associated with fatigue were better understood, diagnosis, treatment, and management of symptoms would be attainable. Justification for this study is based on the principle that no previous research has taken place focusing on the patterns of fatigue. These must be understood in order to treat accurately. The specific significance of the problem to the nursing practice is not stated within the text. One can deduce that fatigue is multi-dimensional syndrome that requires care from all members of the interdisciplinary team, which includes nurses. The problem can be researched using objective measures to find correlations of fatigue and related symptoms.
Fatigue can be difficult for many pilots to mitigate as they often don’t realize they are fatigued until it is too late. Aviation accidents are usually attributed to many different causes, often pilot error but fatigue most likely is a mitigating factor.
In the recent years, an increased number of colleges and universities have been instituting campus-wide smoking bans, prohibiting smoking anywhere on college grounds. The goal of the campus smoking ban is to discourage smoking by young people, improve the health of the students and staff, who are otherwise forced to inhale toxic smoke, and provide an overall cleaner environment. In addition to the obvious health and environmental benefits, the much-needed smoking ban can financially benefit the institutions themselves!
The increasing of workload and the physical of condition of nurses will be caused work fatigue. The studies showed that individual factors, such as age, occupation, marital status and nutrition affect of work fatigue (Eraliesa, 2009). The work fatigue is one factor cause low performance and increase the risk of errors in work (Nurmianto, 1996). Work fatigue which not handled can lead work problems, such as work accidents.
According to Harris (2009), smoking ban in campuses has greatly reduced the number of young smokers. This is of course a good move, bearing in mind that smoking of tobacco is unhealthy and results in some cancers
Smoking is a habit that has taken place for a longer time than one could think or imagine; the probability that the habit will stop any time soon is also extremely low. Most tobacco users believe cigarette smoking is way of clearing their psychological problems and relaxing their bodies. On the other hand, nonsmokers maintain that the allegations by tobacco users regarding the benefits of smoking are unreal perceptions, which are just in their minds; nonsmokers argue that the habit poses serious health risks to both smokers and the people around them. In this regard, most countries have enacted strict laws to help reduce or completely do away with smoking, as several research studies have pointed out that smoking causes heart diseases, lung complications, and other health issues. To support the move to fight smoking as a result of the health risks it poses to smokers and non-smokers, people should agree to the nationwide indoor smoking ban.
Fatigue in air traffic control is one of the largest contributing factors to stress in the control tower. This is mainly due to the fact that air traffic controllers must be fully alert and ready to provide split second instructions to aircraft to avert conflict. If controllers are fatigued they become challenged with impaired cognitive abilities, and are slower to make decisions, ultimately making them more vulnerable to mistakes. Air traffic controller fatigue has been attributed as a factor over the years in a number of accidents, including near misses and runway collisions (Carter, 2011).
Smoking in colleges has become a very controversial topic. Because smoking has proven to be bad for you and your health and it becoming more and more socially incorrect, many colleges have started to ban smoking on campus, however smoking is not illegal. In fact as of October 2014 there are over 1,477 college campuses that are completely smoke free (“Smokefree and Tobacco-Free U.S. and Tribal Colleges and Universities”). This begs the question of should smoking be banned not only in public places in colleges but private as well? I believe that smoking should be banned on college campuses because it affects the health of non-smokers as well as smokers,