2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL TOURISM
The terms “cultural tourism” is widely used, but also misunderstood. In addition, the definition of cultural tourism remains vague (Aluza, O’Leary, and Morrison, 1998). Academics, practitioners, and policy-makers have been quick to identify cultural tourism as a significant and growing market, but have been hesitant or unable to describe and define the market.
Most attempts at defining cultural tourism agree that it consists of the consumption of culture by tourists (Richards, 1996). However, this approach also produces new problems because it includes a wide range of cultural elements. For example, what kinds of cultural experiences should be included within the scope of
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For many tourists, travelling to experience different cultures equates to cultural tourism. For these travellers, encountering different cultures is synonymous with a cultural tourism experience. They consume the different sights, sounds, tastes, and smells of an unfamiliar culture. On the other hand, academics and tourism marketers define cultural tourism as a discrete product category that is differentiated from other tourism activities or attractions by consumption of a destination’s tangible and intangible cultural heritage (Hall and MacArthur, 1998; Leask and Yeoman, 1999; Richards, 1996; Shackley, …show more content…
The general cultural tourist makes a hobby of visiting different geographic sites. Over time, as general cultural tourists increase their knowledge of different cultures, they may become specialized cultural tourists who focus on one or a small number of geographic sites or cultural entities. This specialized tourist repeatedly visits a particular city, region, or country in search of a broad cultural understanding of the place, or goes to different cities, regions, or countries in search of exemplars of, for instance, a kind of art, history, festival, or museum. Both types of cultural tourist are inclined to avoid the commercial ventures that are in their area of interest.
Timothy (1998) argued that visitors have different experiences based on their differing levels of connectivity to a site. The study identified four levels of cultural tourism attractions: world, national, local, and personal. World heritage attractions that invoke feelings of awe may draw large masses of tourists, but they probably do not invoke feelings of personal attachment. By contrast national, local and personal sites engender progressively stronger feelings of personal connectivity and may facilitate different depths of experiences by the
Desire for more novel, adventurous, and authentic forms of tourism experience, social content and the humanization of tourism activities.
Film induced tourism has grown in every aspect around the globe whether its because of the curiosity of the people to indulge in this kind of tourism or just being a part of the artificial world. Then it comes to define film tourism many authors have different views, according to Hudson and Ritch (2006a), it is describe as people visiting places which are directly influenced by films to see the landscapes, building, places as it was shown on TV, advertisement or in cinema screen. In addition to the meaning above for film induced tourism, Riley & Van Doren, (1992) further added that people visiting these places may be overwhelm with the romantic gaze of the place, and feel emotionally attached to it and also with the focal points of the film such as actors and their attributes, where they used to live, themes, social patterns and so on. However this essay will also discuss the originality of film tourism and its implications towards the destination and how it effects the local culture and community.
Ota, Yoshinobu. “Objectification of Culture : The Creation of Culture and Identity in the Tourist World.” The JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY 57.4 (1993): 407–410. Print.
Macleod, D. V. L., Carrier, J. G., & Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and the Commonwealth. (2010). Tourism, Power and Culture :Anthropological Insights. Bristol, UK: Channel View.
Heritage tourism has grown rapidly in recent years because of the same reasons that have led to the growth in tourism generally including, things such as increase leisure time, more disposable income, the development of the package holiday and the increase in mobility due to the growth of car ownership. (Timothy and boyd, 2003) Also there are more specific reasons why the interest of heritage tourism has grown and these are, there are higher levels of education, for example heritage tourism can be a subject on its own or could involve geography, history and science, which can lead it to being in colleges and universities so therefore from ages 10-25 or maybe higher can learn about heritage tourism. Another reason for growth is media representations, particular on TV, of heritage themes from other countries, which can include buildings and monuments, people’s lifestyles and special events and festivals.
It is a commonly held view that mass tourism and the commodification of attractions are a threat to the ‘uniqueness’, ‘authenticity’, ‘natural state’ (Galla, 1994) or ‘scholarly credibility’ (Goulding, 2000) of ethnicities, heritage and culture (Wang, 1999). Many people fear that these valuable assets are sacrificed for the sake of entertainment, popularity, and profit (Goulding, 2000; Lancaster County Heritage, 2002) and hence agree that the ’original’ and ‘indigenous’ has to be protected from these ‘evils of late-capitalism’ (Taylor,
This chapter deals with the literature on the socio-economic impacts of heritage tourism in order to give the reader a clear picture of the problem. According to Weaver and Lawton (2002), the main purposed of tourism management at a destination is to maximise the economic, social and environmental benefits while trying to minimising the associated costs. Regarding the impacts of tourism, most literature will describes economic and social impacts in both positive and negative (Lickorish & Jenkins, 1997; Narayan, 2004; Page, 2007; Timothy & Boyd, 2003; Tsartas, 1992).
An increasingly common motivator for travel is for one to have the ability to experience a culture different than their own in a more involved and intimate manner than say a book, film, or websearch could provide. As a result of these desires, when individuals travel they are likely to partake in other ethnic or cultural traditions in an effort to expose themselves to something different than our own traditions, something “foreign”. New emerging trends in tourism, such as the increase in the popularity of observing or participating in ethnic or cultural activities and events, has piqued the interest of scholars. Studies pertaining to these concepts are often called cultural heritage tourism or CHT.
In the study of Wilkins (2009) -Tourism has been described as a sacred journey (Graburn 1989), with there being a need for people to bring back mementos and souvenirs of the “sacred, extraordinary time or space” (Gordon, 1986 page 136), not only to aid recollection of the experience, but also to prove it (Gordon 1986; Swanson 2004; Littrell et al. 1994). The gathering of souvenirs makes an experience tangible, either for consumption by others or as a means of prolonging the experience for one’s own consumption (Gordon 1986; MacCannell 1989). Zauberman, Ratner & Kim (2009) have coined the term ‘strategic memory protection’ to describe actions designed to encourage memory of important life events, with souvenirs being an
In many ways, culture and arts can serve as a vehicle through which we can unleash the creative potential of our people and propel our tourism industry forward within the context of OECS integration. Our region’s policy makers must therefore make every effort to diversify our tourism product and transform the OECS into a centre of arts and cultural excellence.
International Cultural Tourism Charter: Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance, ICOMOS, viewed 3 May 2014, http://www.icomos.org/tourism/charter.html
Japan is a country with countless attraction and points of interest, whether its heritage, food, popular culture or dark tourism, Japan as a tourism destination can offer many things. Because of the saturation of culture there are many types of tourism which apply (Berger 2010). Cultural tourism, adventure, ecotourism, food and family tourism and even sex tourism to name a few and with the increasing relevance of Otaku1 culture in the western world, Japans popularity as a holiday destination has increased drastically. The popularity of Japanese tourism can largely be attributed to the growing cultural interest displayed by the visitors which means that cultural exploration is one of the more significant reasons of visitation.
Today’s global competition, demands a country to keep the true identity., culture becomes the basic aspects that must be maintained, because of the existence of culture effects how closely humans in general act, and be friendly. Cultural or often we refer to as the culture has its own uniqueness, while others interest by the culture then this could make the place tourism.
While some forms of tourism follow anthropologic strategies, others focus more on business and leisure. Ethnic and historical tourism are the branches that relate mostly to anthropology. They focus more on the integration of culture and learning more about the society and history. They are much more strict in regards to boundaries and rules as opposed to recreational and cultural tourism. Cultural and recreational tourism differ the most from anthropology, dismissing important rules and can offend the host country’s residents. While many forms of tourism dismiss important rules of anthropology, they both focus on the integration of one society into
Cultural tourism: includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, and experiencing their cultural heritages. This type of tourism may also include specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum tourism where the tourist visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where the tourist sees many operas or concerts during the tour.