1. Introduction
In this simulation reflection paper, I will explain how the concepts of risk and uncertainty associated with the decision making process in the case of Rotterdam Harbor where there is a complex social, environmental and economic marine environmental quality problem. Such complexity of the nature-society interactions at its inception requires interdisciplinary approach. Thus, both the natural sciences (-part) disciplines and socioeconomic realties (social science, -part) are important to fully understand and solve the problems in the Rotterdam Harbor. In addition in this type of circumstances where the situation is in urgent need of a solution to the problem, decision making is not straightforward and rational. Hence, it needs the involvement of network of different independent actors or pluricentric form governance, where the actors may engage through conflict or cooperation, struggle, power play or dialogue or a combination of all these.
In this simulation, I really better understand the major theoretical concepts introduced in the lectures and reading materials like risk society, reflexive democracy, uncertainty (both substantive and strategic), policy networks etc. Moreover, I have been experienced how decision making is a very difficult task in complex nature society interaction. Therefore, the next consecutive part of this reflection papers tries to explain in detail about the different phases of the simulation and try to link the basic concepts that I have found important; particular incident or interaction that I have learned something significant. The last but not least, how the experience obtained from the simulation reflects the reality.
Phase 1
The first phase of the simulation is chaired by the ...
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... politics and research programmes. The risk society and beyond: Critical issues for social theory, 211-29.
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DE BRUIJN, H. & HEUVELHOF, E. T. 2002. Policy analysis and decision making in a network: how to improve the quality of analysis and the impact on decision making. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 20, 232-242.
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In everyday real life situations, one keeps on making various decisions depending on a number of factors. Thus, decision-making is an integral tool in human life, and one cannot avoid it. In view of this, experts report that individuals make use of varying decision-making models to arrive at a decision that suits them. Here, the writer presents four decision-making models, namely the classical, behavioral, satisficing, and optimizing models.
Decision-making is one of the hardest tasks individuals have to endure. Deciphering between whether or not the decision you make will benefit you, if it will hurt someone else, what are the pros, the cons, and if the decision you make is eleven moral in itself. When decision-making the study of ethics plays a major role as to which decision you ultimately decide on. Ethics evaluates the morality of actions based on principles set by theories, individuals or in some instances cultures. Morality is an enormous part of decision=making which comes into play every single day in human life. Ethicists create theories based on the morality that exists in our lives in regards to certain situations. In particular, the utilitarian theory is well known
Risk assessment is a tool especially used in decision-making by the scientific and regulatory community. In Making Good Decisions, Peter Montague discusses the use of risk assessment, points out its lack of usefulness in his opinion, and posits that the current use of risk assessment today is largely unethical. He states that "Risk Assessment is one way of making decisions, but it is not the only way, and it is not the best way." (Montague, date unknown, p.1) Decision making in itself carries a substantial amount of risk because decisions are made in a less-than-perfect world. One never has all the information possible (Harris, 1998) and every decision charts a course into an unknown future. However, there are times where the potential for injury to people, animals or the environment in that unknown future should be evaluated and be considered in the development of alternatives. It is particularly important in the determination of appropriate courses of action when introduction of new chemicals into an environment or population is being contemplated.
Decision-making is a cognitive process that results choosing one of the alternative options. When we think logically, we exclude emotions and use only rational method of selecting the best choice that achieves the best possible outcome and consequences. In our daily life, we take many decisions and many changes over it. So, the question is; what factors influence the decision making process? According to the article, frontal cortex is the part of the brain that responsible for decision making, the researchers assume that human reasoning and decision making depends on many levels of cognitive operations which depends on many support processes as emotions, attention and working memory. The reasoning process is also depends on the knowledge about the situation and options for actions.
Rudel, K. Thomas, J. Timmons Roberts and JoAnn Carmin. 2011. “Political Economy of the Environment.” Annual Review of Sociology 37: 221-238.
I hope that over the course of my analysis, I have shown that in the case of environmental activism in the Pacific Northwest, that could not be further from the truth. The process of choosing what expertise a group wants to be able to transport and the infrastructure that is required to create that expertise in the first place limits how it can travel, specifically, that it cannot be transported outside of these thematically cohesive spheres without significant compromises and discomfort, or in the case of Riverkeeper—whose natural expertise is founded on and therefore constrained by the Columbia—who were forced to destroy the traditional delineation between expert and lay person. For the Oregon Environmental Council, these sacrifices are too significant a burden to bear, and they instead are focusing on work within the framework of their expertise. This not to reprimand the OEC for how they stay within their sphere of expertise, or to commend Riverkeeper for their efforts to work outside of it, but to illuminate the complexities inherent in the creation of frontiers, expertise, abstraction, and environmental
From the beginning of time, humans have been uncertain of many things. We always strive to learn more about our world everyday, whether it be studying plants or
There are two ways in which people make decisions in their daily life or at work: Intuitive or rational. If we talk about intuitive decision-making (IDM) we talk about the subjective decisions that are not based on any facts and purely instinctive, for example whether or not to cross the street. These decisions are fast occurring, have no any need for reasoning and are used if facts are unavailable or making a decision is very difficult.
Write the six questions of the Wise Choice Process and answer each one as it relates to your situation.
In order for leaders to make decisions under risk or uncertainty, they need think about the risk involve when making their decisions. There are certain simple rules that leaders should think about when making decisions that have levels of risk and uncertainty. Levels of risk happen when a leader has to reach a decision where the result is unknown. With circumstances of risk, the leader will create a list with all potential results and give likelihoods to each result. Uncertainty is when a leader is not able to come up with a list that contains all potential outcomes or they simply are not able to give probabilities to those outcomes. As stated in the Holy Bible, Ecclesiastes 11:1-3, “Cast your bread upon the waters, for you will find it after many days. Give a portion to seven, or even to eight, for you know not what disaster may happen on earth. If the clouds are full of rain, they empty themselves on the earth, and if a tree falls to the south or to the north, in the place where the tree falls, there it will lie.” In this paper I will discuss the decision making rules associated w...
Sinclair, J. and Diduck, A. (1995). Public education: an undervalued component of the environmental assessment public involvement process. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 15, 219-240;
Wilcock, D. A. (2013). From blank spcaes to flows of life: transforming community engagment in environmental decision-making and its implcations for localsim. Policy Studies 34:4, 455-473.
Thinking critically and making decisions are important parts of today’s business environment. It is important to understand how the decision making process works and the steps involved. The nine steps of the decision making process are: identifying the problem, defining criteria, setting goals and objectives, evaluating the effect of the problem, identifying the causes of the problem, framing alternatives, evaluating impacts of the alternatives, making the decision, implementing the decision, and measuring the impacts. (Decision, 2007.) By using various methods and tools to assist in making important business decisions an individual can ensure the decisions they make will be as successful as possible. In this paper it will be examined how the decision making process can be followed using various tools and techniques to make successful business decisions by using these same tools and techniques during a thinking critically business scenario. The paper will also discuss how different tools and techniques could have been used to make different, yet still successful decisions.
An employee does an unsatisfactory job on an assigned project. Explain the attribution process that this person's manager will use to form judgments about this employee's job performance.
In order to know what is happening in the world around us, knowing the basic concepts of political science is required. Nowadays, it would be nearly impossible for an individual to lead a life in isolation. Every country mus...