ECONOMIC – Up to 1775* Title: “Slavery and its Role in the Southern Economy” The southern colonies of North America established their economy upon agriculture, which drove their agrarian workforce. Cash crops were especially crucial to the southern colonies, such as tobacco and cotton, both of which expanded into plantations. Indentured servants worked these plantations with promises of land and “freedom dues,” and some of them actually escalated up the economic ladder. Planters soon gained a sense of power as they were usually the ones who funded these workers to come to America and obtained land ownership by doing so (this was known as the headright system). By the late-17th century, indentured servants opportunities diminished as the cost of migration and threat of a population plagued with excess laborers grew more apparent. The overpopulation of indentured servants fostered a hostile and rebellious environment of poor white laborers in the southern colonies. As a result, southerners looked towards slavery as an alternative to labor. Many slaves were brought via the Triangular Trade, crossing the transatlantic trading route because of their specialized skills in crop cultivation. The southern colonies were blessed with many waterways and fertile soil that allowed facilitated methods of crop transportation. Many indentured servants were being displaced in the labor workforce by slaves in the late-1600s, continuing unsuccessful labor occupations. The African slave population boomed in states like South Carolina and Massachusetts. The plantations they worked were integral to the economic foundation of the southern economy in agricultural and labor exploits. ECONOMIC – UP TO 1775** Title:... ... middle of paper ... ...ntrol, the First B.U.S. was destroyed. During Andrew Jackson's presidency, he highly distrusted the practice of big banks; in other words, the Bank of the United States, which he viewed as a tool that only benefitted the wealthy and kept the common people down. The 2nd Bank of the United States, which was lead by Nicholas Biddle, reduced bank failures and allowed economic expansion through credit from the Washington government after the War of 1812. When Henry Clay forced the re-charter of the B.U.S. earlier to Jackson, the bill was immediately vetoed. Jackson went to as far as withdrawing the funds in the B.U.S. and depositing it into wildcat banks, killing it after draining its wealth by 1836. However, the wildcat banks were extremely unreliable, as they continually disrupted the harmony of the economy and caused economic crashes throughout the 19th century.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the southern colonies of north america established their economy upon agriculture, which drove their agrarian workforce. indentured servants worked these plantations with promises of land and "freedom dues."
- Explains that while the southern economy relied on agriculture, the northern colonies pursued other exploits ranging from trading to hunting to fishing. the middle colonies were able to get the best of both worlds.
- Explains that the 1600s marked the english colonists' settlements into north america, where they would interact with native peoples through peace, food, and hostility. the dominant religion of the 17th century american colonies was protestantism.
- Explains that the virginia company was vital in the formation of the plymouth and massachusetts bay colonies.
- Explains that the continental congress was not a valid solution to the economic hostilities from many americans, as seen in shay's rebellion.
- Analyzes how the fluid structure of the social ladder in the 1700s allowed many people in america, including immigrants, to rise up and seek fortune, which was not common in other societies.
- Explains that america was drawn into the conflict between england and various nations in the french and indian war. the treaty of paris exposed the colonists to the weaknesses of the british empire.
- Explains that the industrial revolution, which debuted in britain, was slowly making its way out into europe and america, where innovation of machinery and growth of a capitalist society bloomed.
- Analyzes how the economic changes of this time era left a mark on america, giving it better grasp to technological and new change that was sweeping americans into modernization.
- Analyzes how the second great awakening influenced americans to try new things and explore american culture.
- Analyzes how the constitution and the great compromise of 1787 were the first to address the issue of developing the nation.
- Explains that the first bank of the united states (b.u.s.) was proposed by alexander hamilton under the pretense that it would act as a private institution for the federal treasury's depository.
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- The American Revolution’s Effect on the Institution of Slaveryanalytical essaySlavery allowed the American economy to flourish for over 300 years. It allowed many Southern states to grow at a furious pace without significantly diversifying their economy. The South relied on the harvesting of cash crops such as tobacco and cotton, which were very labor intensive. Without much cheap labor, slaves were relied on to harvest the crops; this provided enormous value to farmers and plantation owners in the region. However, the institution of slavery was challenged in the 18th century by decades of Enlightenment thought, newfound religious ideals, and larger abolitionist groups. After the American Revolution many states would ban the practice of slavery completely and only a few would maintain the “peculiar institution”.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that slavery allowed the american economy to flourish for over 300 years. the institution of slavery was challenged in the 18th century by decades of enlightenment thought, newfound religious ideals, and larger abolitionist groups.
- Explains that before the american revolution, significant opposition to slavery existed. james otis, a massachusetts lawyer, emblemized this strain of thought when he wrote about the rights of natural born citizens and men
- Analyzes how the american revolution was the catalyst for change that the colonies needed to effectively stamp out slavery. over 10,000 slaves would fight against the americans in exchange for their freedom from bondage.
- Explains that the american revolution led to the liberalization of all laws pertaining to slavery and its conduct, allowing for gradual increases in manumission rates and a significant increase in the free black population.
- Analyzes how planters refused to give up what they believed to be valuable property. this material view of slaves can be seen in a letter written collectively by slaveholders in virginia.
- Analyzes how slavery was severely weakened by the american revolution. enlightenment thought and religious beliefs led to the ban on slavery in many northern states. the british release of thousands of slaves and resulting economic consequences reduced slavery's role in southern society.
800 wordsRead More - Slavery in Colonial Americacomparative essayEarly English settlers in the lower Chesapeake Bay region learned to cultivate tobacco from the Native Americans and it would prove to have profound influence in the development of Chesapeake society and the colonies of Virginia and Maryland as a whole. Between 1627 and 1669, annual tobacco exports climbed from 250,000 pounds to more than 15 million pounds. (p39. The American Journey). The Chesapeake region became the New World’s largest producer of tobacco. Since tobacco was a labour intensive crop to cultivate, the planters sought indentured servants from England as a source of cheap labour. However many servants died in alarming numbers from disease as a result from the supply of indentured servants declined, and larger planters who were wealthy managed to buy slaves. Slave population increased rapidly from 1,708 in 1660 to 189,000 in 1760. (Smith, Billy G., and Nash. Encyclopedia of American History).
In this essay, the author
- Explains slavery became of fundamental importance in the early modern atlantic world when europeans decided to transport thousands of africans to the western hemisphere to provide labor in place of indentured servants.
- Explains that early english settlers in the lower chesapeake bay region learned to cultivate tobacco from the native americans.
- Explains that rice was one of the most intensive and extensive crops developed in colonial north america and helped shape the development of societies in south carolina and georgia.
- Explains that new england colonists acquired enormous profits from the transatlantic slave trade between england, africa and america and more so from slavery itself.
- Explains that the louisiana purchase in 1803 created four new states, louisiana, alabama, mississippi, and arkansas. the invention of the cotton gin by eli whitney in 1794 helped increase the production of cotton.
- Concludes that the foundation of american economy lay in the back breaking toil and sweat of slave labor.
846 wordsRead More - Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox by Edmund Morgananalytical essayThe use of labor came in two forms; indenture servitude and Slavery used on plantations in the south particularly in Virginia. The southern colonies such as Virginia were based on a plantation economy due to factors such as fertile soil and arable land that can be used to grow important crops, the plantations in the south demanded rigorous amounts of labor and required large amounts of time, the plantation owners had to employ laborers in order to grow crops and sell them to make a profit. Labor had become needed on the plantation system and in order to extract cheap labor slaves were brought to the south in order to work on the plantations. The shift from indentured servitude to slavery was an important time as well as the factors that contributed to that shift, this shift affected the future generations of African American descent. The history of colonial settlements involved altercations and many compromises, such as Bacons Rebellion, and slavery one of the most debated topics in the history of the United States of America. The different problems that occurred in the past has molded into what is the United States of America, the reflection in the past provides the vast amount of effort made by the settlers to make a place that was worth living on and worth exploring.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the shift from indentured servitude to slavery was an important time in the history of the united states of america.
- Describes the voyage set by captains philip amada and arthur barlow by ity of sir walter raleigh who was given permission from queen elizabeth ii.
- Describes how the winter of 1609-1610 in virginia was horrid as the captain john smith had to return to england due to a gunpowder burn.
- Explains that a plantation economy is based on the growth of crops, such as corn, cotton, and tobacco, which requires care since the demand for the crop had increased the amount of labor needed increased.
- Describes how the indentured servants lived in distasteful conditions, such as living in places where disease is prevalent and laborious exhaustion.
- Explains that nathaniel bacon, the cousin of governor of virginia william berkley, was a source of trouble for the governor's relationship with the native americans.
- Explains that many african american slaves ran away from their masters due to their cruel behaviors. they were forced into labor and lived with deplorable conditions.
- Analyzes how morgan's "slavery and freedom: the american paradox" felt that slavery was an injustice, and was a heinous act that was not justified.
- Explains that the settling of virginia required leadership and the slaves' toil and perseverance was used by the wealthy to make labor cheap and productive. the plantation based economy and new start of a colony meant that wages were low and few were paid.
- Describes the letters patents granted by queen elizabeth ii to m. walter ralegh, now knight, for the discovery and planting of new lands and countries.
- Explains beverly, robert, and first hand accounts of virginia, 1575-1700.
- Analyzes barlowe's "first voyage to virginia (1584)" and smith, john. smith recounts the early history of jamestown, 1609.
- Analyzes how richard lowther's "indenture contract" relates to the virtual jamestown project, 1575-1705.
1667 wordsRead More - Differing Perspectives of the American Civil Waranalytical essayIn the South, however, the economy was predominantly agricultural. Cotton and tobacco plantations relied heavily on the free labor of slaves for their economic prosperity. They saw the urbanization and industrialization of the North, and the economic connection between the North a...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the decades leading up to the american civil war showed a great divide in the economic, political, and regional attitudes between the north and south.
- Analyzes how the south's economy relied heavily on the free labor of slaves for their economic prosperity. the political divide was the main reason for the american civil war.
- Analyzes how the election of abraham lincoln strengthened the economic anxieties of the southern plantation owners. slave ownership in the north was shrinking rapidly while the population was growing.
- Analyzes the differences that led to the american civil war still resonate today. the north is more progressive and embraces social change, while the south is conservative.
910 wordsRead More - Pros And Cons Of Andrew Jacksonanalytical essayIn the summer of 1832 and Congress renewed the Bank’s charter even though it wasn’t due until 1836. Jackson hesitated to approve of the charter, so Henry Clay and Nicholas Biddle went on the offensive to attempt to persuade Jackson to pass the bill. Jackson, having had his opinion on the banks cemented by Clay’s presence in the organization, then committed to de-establishing the Second National Bank. He waged war against Biddle in particular to make sure Biddle lost power. He vetoed the bank bill, and after winning the race to be reelected, he closed Biddle’s bank. He ordered his Secretary of the Treasury to move money from the Second National Bank to smaller, state banks. When Congress returned from its summer recess, it censured him for his actions. In 1836, Bank of US was dead, and the new democratic-congressmen expunged Jackson’s censure. Because Jackson had no formal plan for managing the nation’s funds after the Second National Bank closed, it caused problems in Van Buren’s administration. He destroyed the Bank of the United States, in the main, for personal reasons. Jackson hated the bank before his presidency because as a wealthy land and slave owner he had lost money due to its fiscal policies. He believed that Congress had no right under the constitution to charter a
In this essay, the author
- Explains that andrew jackson was the seventh president of the united states, and was controversial. his unneeded hostility and feud with the national bank made him a poor president.
- Analyzes how jackson's spoils system opened government positions to only his supporters and had little tolerance for other political leaders, including his vice president.
- Explains that jackson's most controversial and ruthless action was the eviction of thousands of native americans and sending them on the trail of tears.
- Explains that jackson had conflicts with the national bank during his presidency. he vetoed the bank bill, closed biddle's bank, and destroyed the bank of the united states.
- Analyzes how andrew jackson's actions and stubbornness prove the negative impact his presidency had on the nation. he was domineering, ruthless, and
820 wordsRead More - American Historyexplanatory essayPresident Jackson hated the Bank of the United States. No bank in America had more power than it, and Jackson mistrusted monopolistic banking. The Bank of the U.S. controlled much of the nation’s gold and silver. The President of the Bank was Nicholas Biddle. The war between Jackson and Biddle erupted in 1832, when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of the United States’ charter. The re-charter bill was passed through Congress, but was vetoed by President Jackson. The veto not only stopped the bank bill, but increased the power of the President. Jackson said that the bank was unconstitutional, but was actually saying that he personally found it harmful to the nation. The Supreme Court had said that the Bank of the U.S. was constitutional earlier. Jackson decided he was going to slowly shrink the amount of money in the Bank by using it to pay for day-to-day expenses of the government, this way the Bank of the U.S. would surely die.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that president jackson hated the bank of the united states, and that he mistrusted monopolistic banking. the war between jackson and biddle erupted in 1832 when daniel webster and henry clay presented a bill to renew the bank's charter
- Explains that many americans were moving south, erasing and redrawing treaty lines over and over again. in 1828, georgia legislature declared the cherokee tribal council illegal. the cherokees appealed this move to the supreme court.
- Explains that after mexico won its independence in 1823, it gave a huge tract of land to stephen austin with the understanding that he would bring into texas three hundred american families who would become roman catholic and properly mexicanized.
- Explains that andrew jackson was the seventh president of the united states. he was orphaned in youth and became the first self-made westerner to become president.
- Explains that the second great awakening was one of the most significant episodes in american religion. it converted souls, shattered and reorganized churches, and numerous new sects.
- Explains that many reformers wanted a perfected society free from cruelty, war, intoxic drink, discrimination, and slavery. they were descendants of pioneer farmers.
- Explains that women were supposed to immerse themselves in their home and subordinate themselves to their husband. gender differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century america mainly due to the economy.
- Explains that various reformers set up more than forty communities of cooperative, communistic, or communitarian nature. robert owen founded a communal society at new harmony, indiana, in 1825.
- Explains that before the war of 1812, there was no true american literature besides political essays. by 1820, literature could finally be supported as a profession.
- Explains that president jackson was the first president from beyond the appalachian mountains. his rise to presidency exemplified the westward march of the american people.
- Explains how the westward movement changed the physical environment. americans in a hurry often exhausted the land in the south with tobacco and then pushed on.
- Explains that irish and german immigrants came to the united states during the mid-1840s due to crop failures and potato famine. they were treated horribly by the americans.
- Explains that british inventors perfected a series of machines for the mass production of textiles in 1750, leading to the modern factory system, and the industrial revolution.
- Explains that railroads, canals and better roads played a vital role in improving transportation. the states' right's activists opposed federal aid to local projects.
- Explains that transportation was becoming cheaper and cheaper due to the constructing of railroads, canals and improved roads. many local market structures were swamped by cheaper prices coming from other areas of america.
- Explains that with the market economy, there was an increasingly acute labor problem. while many owners of factories became rich, the workers had long hours, low wages, and bad meals. it was illegal to form labor unions to raise wages.
- Explains that america's economy was starting to become a market economy, where americans would buy goods from other places instead of making them themselves. communication also increased.
1774 wordsRead More - Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddleanalytical essayThe Second Bank of the United States was under private control. It held most of the federal deposits. Deposits, the Bank could use without paying interest. It could also issue bank notes and it exempted from paying state taxes. The Congress could not license any other equivalent bank. For all these rights the Bank was to pay a bonus of one and a half million dollars. Nicholas Biddle, did much to repair the Bank’s corrupted reputation; the bank irregular management was blame for the bust cycle that culminated in the Panic of 1819.. Jackson felt that the Bank was not only unconstitutional, as it was believed by the Jeffersonian, but it could influence national affairs, and it had no higher entity...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that andrew jackson and nicolas biddle came from a divergent upbringing. jackson was born in 1767 in rough country, he belongs to the democratic party, and had serious doubts about banks.
- Explains that the second bank of the united states was under private control. it held federal deposits, issued bank notes, and exempted from paying state taxes.
- Explains that biddle's refusal to take the assertions against the bank seriously, was credited for the next reaction of the administration.
- Explains that biddle requested the declaration of unconstitutionality of the present bank, to set a reform program into motion.
- Analyzes how personal scandals related to jackson's cabinet members created some distraction on the issue, with changes in his cabinet came mix news to biddle gain support from the congress actions, some of the new appointees supported the bank, one of his most determined opponents.
- Analyzes how jackson offered biddle the possibility of reconciling differences, and he applied for re-charter in 1832, four years early. the consequences of his actions are part of jackson's history.
- Analyzes jackson's view that bidden and his represented aristocracy had lost the bankwar and the later was forced into accepting defeat.
868 wordsRead More - Andrew Jackson and the Bank Waranalytical essayThe validity of President Andrew Jackson’s response to the Bank War issue has been contradicted by many, but his reasoning was supported by fact and inevitably beneficial to the country. Jackson’s primary involvement with the Second Bank of the United States arose during the suggested governmental re-chartering of the institution. It was during this period that the necessity and value of the Bank’s services were questioned.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the second bank of the united states was the most trusted bank to supply specie in exchange for their bank notes.
- Compares the pro- and anti- bank views of webster, clay, and calhoun and the whigs, who were political enemies of jackson.
- Explains davis, gareth, the destruction of the second bank of united states rationale and summary
- Explains that president andrew jackson's response to the bank war issue was supported by fact and inevitably beneficial for the country.
- Analyzes how the government played a large role in the functioning of the second bank.
- Argues that jackson's anti-bank views were not simply based on personal prejudice, since the second bank had questionable principles that had to be terminated.
2332 wordsRead More - Slavery in America between 1800 and 1860analytical essayWithin the economy a great development had been achieved when the upper south handed its power to the lower south all due to the rise of an agricultural production. This expansion was led by the excessive growth of cotton in the southern areas. It spread rapidly throughout America and especially in the South. During these times it gave another reason to keep the slavery at its all time high. Many wealthy planters started a ‘business’ by having their slaves work the cotton plantations, which this was one of a few ways slavery was still in full effect. Not only were there wealthy planters, at this time even if you were a small slave-holder you were still making money. While all of this had been put into the works, Americans had approximately 410,000 slaves move from the upper south to the ‘cotton states’. This in turn created a sale of slaves in the economy to boom throughout the Southwest. If there is a question as to ‘why’, then lets break it d...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that slavery in the american south had become a 'peculiar institution' between 1800 and 1860. the cotton production gave more reason for slavery to exist.
- Explains how the expansion of agriculture led to the growth of cotton in the southern areas, and how wealthy planters started a 'business' by having their slaves work the cotton plantations.
- Explains that slavery was a different ball game than the gang system, which was implicated on the cotton, tobacco, and sugar plantations.
- Explains that the last form of slavery that was in full effect at this time was mostly applicable to african-american women.
- Analyzes how slavery in the 1800s and 1860s was at its highest. with the rise of the economy, a new and full-proof labor force, and black and whites, it was illegal.
724 wordsRead More - Slavery In Colonial Americaexplanatory essayWhen America was first founded the colonists believed that they could do one of two things. They could either ask for entire families and groups of people to come over from England to start family farms and businesses to help the colony prosper. The other option was to take advantage of the lower class people and promise them land and freedom for a couple of years of servitude (Charles Johnson et al, Africans in America 34). Obviously the second option was used and this was the start of indentured servitude in colonial America. The indentured servants that came from England were given plenty of accommodations in exchange for their servitude. They were also promised that after their time of service was complete that they would receive crops, land, and clothing to start their new found lives in America. Men, children, and even most criminals, rushed to the ports hoping to be able to find work in America and soon start their new life. However, a large quantity of them either died on the voyage over, died from diseases, or died from the intensity of their work, before their servitude was complete (Johnson et al, Africans, 34). America finally began to show signs of prosperity due to the crop, tobacco. The only problem now was that the majorit...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that slavery was created in pre-revolutionary america at the start of the seventeenth century. by the revolution, slavery had undergone drastic changes.
- Explains how indentured servitude began in colonial america. the colony was in desperate need of people who could work the fields to help continue the growth of their cash crop, tobacco.
- Explains that the first african americans that were put to work in jamestown were not treated in the way that people traditionally think of early slavery.
- States that massachusetts, connecticut, and virginia were of the first states to legalize slavery. with crops prospering, the need for slaves was increasing at an alarming rate.
- Describes the new york slave conspiracy of 1741, where slaves started rioting and killing colonists.
- Explains how missionaries began teaching slaves how to read and write and preaching the word of god. slaves began to sing songs about god and begin to preach about the freedom that he would one day bring.
- Analyzes how one question sums up the entire revolution and shows exactly how corrupt the colonists were.
- Explains that the african american culture has been shaped around what their ancestors were put through and the struggles that they endured.
- Explains davis, thomas j., the new york slave conspiracy of 1741 as black protest.
- Explains johnson, charles, patricia smith, and wgbh series research team. africans in america.
1702 wordsRead More