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The second chapter of You are Not So Smart by David McRaney discusses the concept of confabulation, the idea that people tend to fill in the gaps of memory by making up fake information without realizing it. The fake memories may never happen or involve in distortion of previous memories. Brains always rationalize things they don’t understand. Confabulations not only occur in daily life, but also are related to serious mental illness, such as split brain or dementia.
Extreme motions, from frighten to joy, play a strong role in Confabulations. I recalled a story my friend once told me. When he was a kid, he wanted to be a pianist when he grew up. He fell in love with piano because his parents took him to a concert of Richard Clayderman. He
“Everyone loves free expression as long as it isn't exercised” (Rosenblatt 501). In the article, We are Free to Be You, Me, Stupid, and Dead, Roger Rosenblatt argues for the people’s right to freedom of speech and expression, that is given by the U.S Constitution. Rosenblatt argues that freedom of speech is one of the many reasons the Founding Fathers developed this country. For this reason, Rosenblatt believes that we should be tolerant and accepting of other’s ideas and beliefs. Even if one does not agree with someone else, they need to be understanding and realize that people have differing opinions. Everyone has the right to free expression, and this is what Rosenblatt is trying to get across. The necessity of freedom of expression and the important values it contains is a main foundation for this country, therefore, Rosenblatt’s argument is valid.
Introduced by Bartlett (1932), reconstructive memory refers to the extent to which memory is distorted or otherwise modified (reconstructed) by experience. In practice this means that instead of storing an exact replica of the episode they are witnessing, eyewitnesses may combine the initial stimulus with elements of their existing knowledge and experience (or schema) to form a reconstructed memory resulting in an inaccurate EWT account. Reconstruction is not the only source of distortion in EWT as the language used in leading questions and post-event information may further distort reconstructive memory and so lead to memory blending and confabulation. Research that has provided us with an insight into the effects of language and leading questions on the accuracy of EWT includes that of Loftus and her colleagues. For example, L & P (1974) found that changing the wording of one critical question (“About how fast were the cars going when they (hit/smashed/collided/ bumped/contacted – the five conditions) each other?”) posed to eyewitnesses of a car accident had a significant effect on the estimated speed of the vehicles.
Within the recent years there has been many changes occurring in our nation that had never happened before. Well defined social understandings such as gender, race, sexually as well as other self-identifying terms that had been previously well understood were starting to change and evolve, no longer fitting the social mold that it once had. A great illustration for my previous statement of change can be seen in the article “The Year We Obsessed Over Identity” by Wesley Morris, which highlights specific major events that had occurred in recent years till two thousand and fifteen. One case discussed in the article was the idea that race was defined by your skin color and other biological characteristics that landed
Steffens, M., & Mecklenbräuker, S. (2007). False memories: Phenomena, theories, and implications. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal Of Psychology, 215(1), 12-24. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.215.1.12
...to see when this reconstruction mainly happens. Does it happen while encoding or retrieval. This would help us in understanding the reconstructive aspect of memory further. Thereupon conscious efforts could be taken to reduce false memories in individuals suffering from psychological disorders. As some disorders are usually a result of misinterpretation of events in life due to perverted inner beliefs or fears, this can be an appropriate intervention . Classically, it is true for adult reconstruction of childhood abuse and trauma which is widely studied. The research shows that these sort of memories are often distorted and self created, with no relevance to reality. Hence, it is of great value to study these false or partially false memories, as they can lead to severe psychiatric conditions such as depression and multiple personality disorder (Frankel et.al 1993).
Nathan the Wise by Gotthold Lessing is praised as being one of the great works of the Age of Enlightenment. The premise of the work seeks to refute a worldview that is dominated by prejudice and dogmatic practices through the way in which this play works to explore three religious cultures: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Lessing does this to convey the reality that all of these religions deserve equal amounts of respect and claims on their subjective religious truths. This concept of religious equality is one of the predominant reasons Nathan the Wise was banned in Germany soon after it’s release in 1779, as well as the claim that the book was really an attack of the Christian religion. The manner in which Lessing writes this work and
Sean Blanda’s, “The Other Side Is Not Dumb”, uses cultural examples concerning the younger American generation involving, the medias influence and peer pressure vs the actual facts and proof, involved while forming a personal opinion. The author emphasizes how the effects of pressure from our surroundings, such as: friends, media, and more, adjust our view of political and social subjects. He includes multiple cases of where your own ignorance can hinder your learning and interaction with others. If you continue to have a negative outlook on people who disagree with you, you’ll never be able to consider yourself a curious person and participate in social media. “We cannot consider ourselves “empathetic” only to turn around and belittle those that don’t agree with us.”- Mr. Blanda
A man without words, by Susan Schaller, a book to understand (ASL) different Languages for deaf people and diagnose as a baby boy lived forty years, that people think he is mental problems. Voice from a no words, to explain the use of “words” as way of describing the lives of deaf people and that deaf people define themselves today. This book about a man who’s name, Ildefonso, a Mexican Indian, lived in total separation, set apart from the rest of the world. He wasn’t a political prisoner or a public outsider, he was simply born deaf and had never been taught even the most basic language. Susan Schaller, then a twenty-four-year-old graduate student, encountered him in a class for the deaf where she had been sent as an interpreter and where
The delusion is mostly common in patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases; such as Alzheimer’s disease (2% - 30%) [8], schizophrenia (15%) [9] and dementia. It has also been seen in patients suffering from brain injury causing lesions, suggesting that the syndrome has an organic basis.
Delusion and hallucination in their different forms are the major symptom of psychotic disorders. There is a growing evidence however that these symptoms are not exclusively pathological in nature. The evidences show that both delusion and hallucination occur in a variety of forms in the general population. This paper presents and analyzes the relationship between the above major psychotic symptoms with normal anomalous experiences that resembles these symptoms in the normal population.
Have you ever wondered what someone who has a mental illness goes through? Delusional Disorder can make a person believe in stuff that you can only image. This paper will tell you the symptoms, functional effects, duration. It will also show you a case study and the two main cause and two main treatments.
In recent years there has been a hot debate between "repressed" vs. "false" memories. Neurobiological studies show that both suppression and recall and the creation of false memories are possible. This paper evaluates the evidence but forth by both sides of the controversy and concludes that both are feasible and separate phenomenon, which occur at significant rates in our society.
Sometimes, what we see and remember is not always accurate or real. For instance, Gould talked about a trip that he took to the Devils tower when he was fifteen, he remember that he can see the Devils tower from afar and as he approaches it, it rises and gets bigger. However, about thirty years later, Gould went back to see the Devils tower with his family, he wanted to show them the awesome view of the Devils tower when it rises as they approach closer to it, but when they got there everything was different from what he remembered. Then he found out that the Devils tower that he saw when he was younger wasn’t really...
Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” experiment (1932) is a classic example of false memories. The results of his study found participants would unintentionally alter the information of a story they read in a way that was more reflective of their own lives. Otagaar, et.al. (2013) examined false memories by developing non-believed memories in adults and children about taking a ride in a hot air balloon. The results of this study found that when the participants were asked immediately after reading a passage about this memory, most did not recall going on a hot air balloon. However, when the participants were called back a few months later, a higher percentage of participants recalled having experienc...
Lesions in the brain have allowed neurologist to identify the causes of delusion. A study (Devinsky, 2009) has shown that out of 69 patients with reduplicative paramnesia (a delusional believe that a location is incorrectly merged or relocated) who have brain damage, 36 had damaged their right brain compared to 5 who have damaged their left brain. Similar result has been found in people with Capgras delusion (a believe that an acquaintance has been replaced by an imposter) where 8 out of 26 patients have exclusively damaged their right brain compared to 2 for the left brain. Patients with other types of delusion have shown similar result. Furthermore, in the above experiments by Devinsky (2009) have found that almost all the subjects had frontal lobe lesion with the majority being either damage to the bifrontal or right frontal lobe. Frontal lobe damage can cause delusional thoughts such as imperviousness to counterarguments because ...