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Scholars on qualitative research methods
Introduction to qualitative and quantitative research methods
Introduction to qualitative and quantitative research methods
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Data Collection and Management Techniques for a Qualitative Research Plan According to Marshall (2006), “qualitative researchers typically rely on four methods for gathering information: participating in the setting, observing directly, interviewing in depth, and analyzing documents and material culture” (p. 97). Of these methods, observation and interviewing are considered the primary approaches. The following assignment will consider both methods of inquiry and data collection with regard to the proposed qualitative research. It will briefly discuss underlying assumptions and evaluate the appropriateness of each approach to the investigation of changes in democratic participation. In addition, it will provide a short review of useful data collection and management techniques. Observation versus Interviewing Before deciding on a data collection method, several factors have to be taken under consideration. Brantlinger (1997 as cited by Marshall, 2006) divides those into seven categories: “the nature of the research, [the researcher’s] positioning relative to the participants, the direction of the gaze, the purpose of the research, the intended audience, the researcher’s political positioning, and the exercise of agency” (p. 98). Since the proposed study seeks to understand changes in political participation – or more specifically the erosion of duty-based citizenship and the increase in the norms of engaged citizenship as well as possible consequences associated with citizen actions, a phenomenological approach has been deemed beneficial in exploring the phenomenon (Dalton, 2006). This choice was in part motivated by the nature of the research as it could be viewed as controversial with a political agenda. Moreover, it also tak... ... middle of paper ... ...es on interview data to explore a phenomenon and understand its essence, this assignment explored the appropriateness of interviewing as a form of data collection for the proposed study. It further considered benefits and drawbacks, ethical and legal, as well as other aspects related to the method. While the study is by far not fully developed, the assignment has contributed to a greater understanding concerning data collection, management, and storage. References: Marshall, C. (2006). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/10985_Chapter_4.pdf Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative content analysis. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1 (2). Retrieved from http://www.qualitativeresearch.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089/2385
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.(3rd ed).Thousand Oaks, Califorinia : Sage Publications, Inc . Retrieved on May 10th, 2014, From http://books.google.com
Those that identify with duty-based citizenship norms are more likely to participate in traditional electoral style political behaviors such as paying income taxes, voting in elections, or serving in the armed forces- historically, this has been the most prevalent form of citizen involvement in politics. In recent years there has been a shift in focus among the younger generation from conventional duty based citizenship norms to a more involved, hands-on form of participation described as engaged citizenship. Those that identify with the engaged citizen model may still participate in electoral politics but are more likely to involve themselves through behaviors such as volunteer work, protesting unethical public entities and directly contacting public officials about issues that concern them. Duty based citizens differ from engaged citizens not only in the ways that they involve themselves politically, but also in the types of issues that they tend to focus on- for example, while duty-based citizens are more likely to focus on issues of the administrative, regulatory and fiscal variety, engaged citizens tend to focus on social, cultural and humanitarian issues. It could be argued that the duty-based model
Creswell, J. (2013) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Various information gathering techniques can be utilized, as the specialist and the examination subjects cooperate in this collaborative dialogic relationship (Moen, 2006). Data can be as field notes; journal records; interview transcripts; one's own particular and other's perceptions; narrating; interview transcripts; personal written work; reports, for example, school and class arrangements, bulletins, and different writings, for example, standards and principles; and pictures (Moen, 2006). According to Moen (2006), the narrative methodology is arranged inside of the qualitative or interpretive examination method. A subjective way to deal with the field of examination implies that analysts study things in their characteristic settings, attempting to understand and translate phenomena as far as the significance individuals bring to them (Moen, 2006). Throughout the many disciplines that utilized narrative inquiry, certain theoretically oriented narratives help researchers to listen and understand the stories of individuals and to become advocates for them (Sheperis, Young & Daniels, 2010). As with all methods, caution must be used. For instance, narrative researchers have to interrogate and allow their presence in all phases of the investigative process (Sheperis, Young & Daniels,
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Being a careful observer. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Marshall, C, Rossman, Gretchen B, (2006). Designing qualitative research, 4th edition, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Ulin,R.P., Robinson,E.T.,Tolle,E.E. (2005) Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field Guide for Applied Research. San Francisco: Family health international. in Humanities a
Perri 6 & Christine B., 2012. Principles of Methodology: Research Design in Social Science. London: Sage.
Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field. These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or techniques could be used in the evaluation of my proposed research; and discuss why linking analysis to study design is important.
Qualitative research was designed as a way to be directly connected with the subjects researched. Participant researchers may choose to merely observe and collect data or to be an active participant. Covert participation has the advantage of reducing the “reactive effects” of the social setting or group (Bachman & Schutt, 2012). Most researchers who use the participation method of research will often strike a balance between participation and observation. Through participation, an observer may gain the trust of the research subjects which can provide more fruitful results. Some research may however be unethical or a violation of law. A good researcher should use prudence beforehand when crafting their research design.
Qualitative data analysis is the process of transforming data into information, information into understanding and understanding into knowledge (Davenport & Prusak, 1998). Furthermore, qualitative data analysis can be described as a blend of scientific studies and artistic style to create an innovative product. The research acts as the primary research tool, and must be able to sustain composer throughout the entire study. In addition, the researcher must be able to pay attention to the small details of the study, without losing sight of the big picture of the study (Chenail, 2012).
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Stejskal, S.M. (2010) Quatiative and Qualitative Research Methods are not and should not be Mutually Exclusive, Grinn Verlag.