Acute consequence of concussion is a cascade of molecular changes in the brain that affect performance and increase vulnerability for repeat injury. Multiple repeat injuries can be long lasting and potentially debilitating. Prevention of single and repeat concussions should be the goal. Following a concussion, adequate time for physiological recovery must be allowed to prevent cumulative impairments.
Wild bootstrap analysis detected significant changes in the white matter of concussed athlete. Other athletes with sub-concussive head blows had changes in a percentage of their white matter that was over 3 times higher than controls. If validated in larger cohorts, the relationship between these changes in white matter and concussions need to be further investigated.
Currently, MRI (T1-weighted) scans and CT scans are inadequate way to manage sports related concussion patients because of inability to detect subtle structural changes in the white matter of the brain. These changes can only be detected through DTI scans, thus serving as biomarker for concussion and may provide an objective diagnostic tool to help determine severity of injury, management and help make return to play decisions.
Concussion is a series of metabolic events within the brain with distinct phases of injury and recovery. Human and animal studies have shown that following a traumatic brain injury; a vulnerable period to repeat injury exists. Recent clinical data have shown long-term effects of prior concussion on cognitive and motor function. The pathophysiology of concussion is different in children and adolescent compared to adults because of unique cerebral development in the prior group.
Results provide preliminary evidence that young athletes with repetitiv...
... middle of paper ...
... prevention of TBI in sports must really be the primary focus.
Results showed that severity of post-concussive symptom was significantly correlated with a reduction in white matter integrity as manifested by increases in diffusivity and reduced anisotropic diffusion. Moreover, the findings suggest microstructural injury as a neuropathological substrate of post concussion syndrome.
Mild TBI may have persistent effect on brain function and structure. This review describes the impact on mild TBI and its potential effect upon brain regions and connectivity. The child and adolescent brain provides a challenge in this type of injury and highlights the need for specific management of the developing CNS. New neuroimaging modalities may identify markers of severity and long-term disability and aid in delineating more precise treatments for the neurologic sequelae of mild TBI.
A concussion is defined as temporary unconsciousness caused by a blow to the head or a violent shock from a heavy blow. The force transmitted to the head causes the brain to hit the skull, which causes the brain to swell. The symptoms of a concussion can appear immediately after contact or they may subtle and may not appear right away. The symptoms of a concussion can vary in length. There are many different symptoms to a concussion: "Common symptoms after a concussive traumatic brain injury are headache, loss of memory (amnesia) and confusion" (Mayo). Other symptoms that may be involved with a concussion include loss of consciousness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, and fatigue. There are also symptoms that may not occur immediately, but may be delayed hours or days after. These symptoms include difficulty concentrating, sensitivity to light, and sleep disturbances. An athlete should ...
Moser, R. S., Schatz, P., & Jordan, B. D. (2005). Prolonged effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery, 57(2), 300-306.
A. Background In recent years, there has been an increase in research investigating the long-term effects of repeated head trauma on the brain, especially in athletes. Following his discovery of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), Dr. Bennet Omalu inspired a movement of research aimed at establishing better safety standards and protocols in football. It was not until 2002 that the initial connection between repetitive head trauma, such as concussions, and brain injury was suspected (Ott, 2015). As common as concussions were during the late 1970s and 1980s, they were often swept under the rug, as they were seen as insignificant injuries.
Herring, Stanley A., and Kathleen R. Bell. "Youth Sports Concussions, An Issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics." Google Books. Ed. George H. Kraft, MD,MS. Elsevier Health Sciences., Nov. 2011. Web. 08 May 2014. .
Yates, Keith, et al. “Longitudinal Trajectories of Postconcussive Symptoms in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Their Relationship to Acute Clinical Status.” Pediatrics. 123.3 (2009) : 735-743. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
Concussions can spring from practically anywhere; at home during cleaning, playing catch in the yard, or even slipping and falling. One
Recreational athletes, competitive athletes, high school athletes, college athletes, and professional athletes all have one thing in common: the risk of a concussion. It's impossible to go a season without one athlete from a team receiving a concussion. The more that these concussions are studied, the more we learn about them, such as their detrimental effects on athletes. Because of the risk of health issues and death that come with concussions, doctors, coaches, athletic trainers, and lawmakers are stepping in to protect athletes of all levels from receiving concussions. Concussions occur time after time throughout different sporting events and many are familiar with the word concussion, but what really is a concussion?
An anonymous person once said, "He who has health has hope; and he who has hope has everything." Ever since I was a young girl, I always knew I wanted to do something with helping people. But as I grew up, I also took an interest in sports, which leads me to where I am today. I would like to be able to help people in the sports ' world. In this essay, I plan to research concussions and how the long-term effects can impact people for the rest of their lives. Through research, I have learned exactly what a concussion is, the long-term effects and severity, and finally the treatments for a concussion. This relates to my senior project because for my final product, I will be presenting the lasting effects of concussions.
"Incidence of Concussion in High School Football Players of Ohio and Pennsylvania." Journal of Child Neurology. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. .
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.
The world of sports is filled with great memories, grand moments and at times complete mayhem. There are moments like hitting a Home Run in game 7 of the World Series or memories of scoring an overtime goal during the Stanley Cup finals. However, there are also incredibly low moments when mayhem occurs such as an action or incident that results in a concussion. An injury such as a concussion can ruin your sports career or potentially your ability to function normally in the future. Concussions are caused by blunt force trauma to the head, a fall or an injury that shakes the brain inside the skull. Recovering from a concussion can take weeks, months or even years to heal. For some, it can impair your mental or mobility functions for life.
The first being mild TBI symptoms which is the loss of consciousness and/or confusion and disorientation and shorter than 30 minutes. individuals with this type may have cognitive problems such as headache, difficulty thinking, memory problems, attention deficits, mood swings, and frustration. many of these injuries may be overlooked. Other names for mild TBI is concussion. This is often missed at time of initial injury and 15 percent of people with mild TBI have symptoms that last longer than one year. Some common symptoms of mild TBI are fatigue, headaches, visual disturbances, memory loss, poor attention/concentration, sleep disturbances, dizziness/loss of balance, irritability – emotional disturbances, feeling of depression, and seizures. Symptoms may not be present or noticed at the time of injury. They may be delayed days or weeks before they appear. Symptoms are often subtle and often times are missed by the injured person in their doctor. With mild TBI the person may look normal and often moves normal in spite of not feeling or thinking normal. This makes the diagnosis easily missed. The biggest changes that is first noticed is behavioral changes. Students with mild TBI usually do not face significant changes in their academic or language abilities. The next is moderate TBI symptoms. Moderate TBI is defined as a brain injury resulting in a loss of consciousness 20 minutes to 5 hours. and students with
Concussions, a concern to many athletes in high school, college, and pro sports. By definition a concussion is a severe injury to the brain that alters the way it functions and many people die from having one. In a study a total of 167 high school athletes got a concussion playing football, soccer, lacrosse, or cheerleading. The number of concussions has been reduced over the years, but are still a major issue. In pro football people tend to blame the NFL for the concussions, but the players are the real people to blame for this issue. Sure the NFL has ignored some of the advice giving to them for the concussions, but they have used a lot of cash to find a solution for the concussions. The NFL is innocent for the concussions because players ignore the concussion when they get one, risks have always been in sports, and the NFL is currently trying to reduce concussions.
Concussions and the effect they have on people ranging from the young to the old has become a very popular discussion in recent years. Generally people watch sports for entertainment and then there are those who engage in high impact sports from a very young age on. The people at home know how fun playing in a sport is, however they may not know the brutal consequences for some participating in that sport. Injuries to the brain are a main concern among those in the world of high impact sports. Football, soccer, wrestling, lacrosse, and rugby are among sports that athletes receive injuries in. The injuries vary from sprains, to fractures, to torn MCL or ACL, and bruised organs. Concussions are a severe type of injury endured by athletes in the sports world and this life changing injury is one that people are becoming more aware of.
How do concussions affect the human brain? In order to know what affects the concussions does to the brain, we must first know what exactly a concussion is. A concussion a concussion is described as a complex pathophysiological process that affects the brain in the act of severe head trauma. Think of the brain as the yoke inside an egg, if the egg is shaken, the yoke will be obscured. This is exactly what a concussion is like. A concussion affects the brain in several ways, including physical, emotional, and cognitive. There are also long-term effects like increased risk for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s (“Concussion Treatment”).