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impact malaria has on developing countries
BUMEDINST 6230.16, MALARIA PREVENTION AND CONTROL
malaria research topics as a flobal health issue in africa
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Malaria is a disease characterized by fever and flu like illness that according to the CDC “if not treated can lead to jaundice, kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death” (CDC p.2. There are four types of malaria: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae with the most common type being plasmodium falciparum. (CDC p.1) ).. This disease can only be transmitted by an interaction of blood as the parasite lives in the red blood cells of the infected host individual. This can be due to blood transfusions, sharing of syringes or by its common vector, the Anopheles mosquito.Because of its vector being a mosquito malaria is common in areas with warm temperatures and causes the most damage in poor developing nations. The regions that experience the most cases of malaria include: Sub- Saharan Africa, Asia, South America and low altitudes in Central America (MFI p.1). The regions where there aren’t large amounts of malaria cases are in part because of climate and partly because of the more developed nations implementing aggressive malaria eradication plans including the use of mosquito nets and pesticides. These eradication plans cornerstone is through its aggressive attempt to rid the area of the anopheles mosquito, thus virtually eliminating the spread of malaria and cases seen.
The parasites that cause malaria rely on a human host in order to reproduce and thrive. The vector, mosquitos in this case, are simply the means by which the parasite finds its next human host to thrive again. As seen by the eradication of malaria in some areas the life cycle of malaria parasites is greatly dependent on the life cycle of the anopheles mosquito.Mosquitos need water to reproduce as the egg, larval and pupae st...
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...the most Widespread, Insidious, and Costly of Diseases."International Development Review 1 (1959): 7-11. ProQuest.Web. 27 Mar. 2014.
People, J. "Physical and Chemical Properties." Physical and Chemical Properties. Duke University Chemistry Program, 12 Aug. 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2014.
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "DDT (chemical Compound)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.
Walker, K. "Cost Comparison of DDT With Other Insecticides for Malaria Control."National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 14 Dec. 2000.Web. 09 Apr. 2014
WHO. "Frequently Asked Questions: DDT for Vector Control." Persistant Organic Pollutants. World Health Organization, 1 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Apr. 2014.
McGinn Platt, Anne. “Malaria, Mosquitos, and DDT”, World Watch, vol .15, no.3 .May/June 2002.
The pesticide DDT banned in 1987 was a detrimental to the environment leading to it to be banned in 1987. DDT remains in the soils for a long period of time. The chemicals affect the ecology of the soil and water run off causing contamination of livestock and native animals and aquatic species. Studies indicated a range of human health impacts from DDT including cancers, infertility, miscarriage and nervous system impairment. The social and economic impact of DDT use in viticulture was significant.
Walker, K 2000, ‘Cost-comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria control’, Medical & Veterinary Entomology, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 345-354, http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.taylors.edu.my/ehost/detail?sid=34f5c0de-e928-4a1f-a389-2974d112dd56%40sessionmgr110&vid=10&bk=1&hid=119&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=5519266, accessed 4 March 2012.
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Early in history DDT was a very effective chemical that killed many parasites and stopped the mass spread of malaria. But the reward is not worth the damage that it does to the environment, especially in modern day where we have other ways to prevent parasite and diseases from getting to us. "Top of the Food Chain" by T. Coraghessan Boyle, is a story about the absolute absurdity of things that human beings do to their world and to their fellow living beings. Set during a Senate hearing by a chemical company executive on the defensive about the effects of DDT in Borneo. Basically, poison was used to get rid of mosquitoes. Didn't work. So they brought in geckos, that died from the poison. Cats ate dead geckos, and cats died. This brought on rat infestation. So they brought in more cats and cycle started over again. He is arguing that humans are wrong for destroying their planet with pesticides and other harmful things; this satirical piece effectively supports his argument.
(Dyson, J) DDT is toxic to birds when ingested. (NPIC) I would rather for the insects to be killed instead of malaria getting out of hand and killing humans. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year and around one million deaths. (Dyson, J) These numbers are going up to 20 percent a year in some areas. (Dyson, J) Its been proven that when countries quit using DDT malaria gets out of hand. (Dyson, J)
Malaria is a disease that is caused by parasites. It is transferred from one person to another by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria has been a serious health problem nowadays. WHO has provided the information that approximately 660,000 people died from malaria globally during 2010. Also, after estimating, there are 219 million cases of malaria infection in 2010 worldwide. In sub-Saharan Africa, being one the country that has the high rate of HIV, AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, had 90% of the people that...
The usage of DDT and other pesticides significantly increased in the 1900’s as chemical manufacturers started selling them. These synthetic pesticides, which poisoned parasites instantaneously, appealed to the public and became the “gold mines” for the chemical manufacturers (Fletcher, Scherer 76). First, it seemed like these insecticides were the ultimate solution to kill parasites and other
“What Is a Pesticide?” Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency. 9 May 2012. Web. 9 May 2014.
DDT was first discovered as an insecticide by a Swiss scientist named Paul Hermann Muller. The DDT compound saved many lives after helping one billion people live malaria free by killing disease-carrying insects for thirty years after its discovery. However, the miraculous benefits of DDT resulted in negative side effects such as, DDT persistence in the environment, DDT accumulation in fatty tissues, and the compound’s ability to travel long distances in the upper atmosphere, which posed a risk to both humans and the ecosystem. The book, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson exposed the toxicity of DDT to birds, which resulted in the ban of DDT in 1972 in the United States.
Over 39 years have passed since the nationwide ban of a well-known pesticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (1), yet it still has an important role in public health as well as the environment. DDT is a persistent toxin, having a long half-life of 2 to 15 years terrestrially and 150 years aquatically (as cited in 5). It was originally used in World War II to control malaria and yellow fever then became a main staple in pesticide control for crops. Because DDT was a highly effective pesticide for malaria it is still used in areas where the disease is prevalent. There is a mass of controversy surrounding the chemical and its continued use as governments try to find a balance between public welfare and the state of the environment.
Malaria is a serious disease that is transmitted through mosquitos bites, causing one who is infected to be at risk of infections, organ failure, or even death. To combat this, DDT, an insecticide used to control mosquitos and their malaria transmissions, was created. Though effective, its severe effects on the surrounding community is the reason why DDT should not be used to combat malaria.
The major impact of DDT is directed on the aquatic life, animals, and birds. The tendency of DDT to concentrate in fats, animals, and wildlife has the ability to detrimentally affect organisms. DDT was originally used to fight off a disease called malaria. It was a parasite contained by mosquitoes that spread from person to person. Sir Ronald Ross proved this disease and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery in 1902. DDT was widely used to control mosquitoes. It was easy to use and effective. To avoid mosquitoes, people sprayed DDT on the walls and ceiling of their houses and public buildings. It was also used by farmers who sprayed it on their crop fields using airplanes or helicopters. The long term effects of DDT started to arise. The population of animals, birds, and fishes started to decrease rapidly. By the 1950s, biologists started to believe DDT was a culprit. When certain toxic substances
Malaria in humans is caused by four species of protozoa, sophisticated one-celled organisms, that can infect red blood cells. These four species are called Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium ovale. The worst cases are caused by the Plasmodium falciparum species, which is also the species with the most resistance to drugs. To contract malaria, a mosquito, but not just any mosquito must bite a human. The only type of mosquito that can infect humans with the malaria virus is the Anopheles mosquito. While there are...
Each year there are 10,000 pesticide related poisonings. On July 4th 1985, over 300 Californians became sick after eating watermelons treated with the pesticide tenik. Testing supermarket produce is a way of determining the amount of exposure the consumer receives through common produce like carrots, tomatoes and lettuce. 44% of foods that were tested in supermarkets were found to have some traces of pesticide residue on them. Of all the pesticides found, nineteen of them were a pesticide called DDT. DDT was banned in this country 12 years prior to the testing. It was believed that these chemicals might have entered this country from another country that doesn’t have pesticide restrictions as the U.S. does.
environmental concerns. According to Zhang et al (2017), DDT was the preferred pesticide because it is odourless, colourless, tasteless and is an effective pesticide in controlling the spread of