Introduction
Imagine that everyone squeezed themselves up, and nobody is able to move and escape within a tiny space, just like one of the tuna inside a tin. It is familiar in some situation, such as rush time of MTR (Mass Transit Railway)?
At recently, more news was concerned about MTR Company, such as delay of service, fee rising, and especially the overloading problem. The discussions of the problem also expand to different social media, such as Hong Kong forum, Facebook and Twitter. This raise our interest for observe more about overloading problem of MTR, is that really exist?
Actually, for satisfy a sustainable city and population growth, a mass transport system was planned to develop in Hong Kong at the end of 19th century. In 1979, the first railway -- Kwun Tong Line was on service, and now we have 7 lines covering most regions in Hong Kong. According to the data from MTR webpage, the average daily patronage of MTR railways (Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, Kwun Tong Line, Tung Chung Line, Tseung Kwan O Line, Disneyland Resort Line, East Rail Line, Ma On Shan Line and West Rail Line) was around 4.5 millions (January, 2014), which is more than half of Hong Kong population, 7,219,700 (the end of 2013). It is no doubt that MTR is the largest mass transport system in Hong Kong, and transport system is a common wealth for citizen, the quality of service is really concerned by citizens.
While a report from the Transport and Housing Bureau, was published in Legislative Council in February, which indicated the carrying capacity may be underestimated for a long time. In the report, the average stand number per square meter was estimated around 5-6 in the past. However, the data cannot reflect the real situation; for example, the a...
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...ain immediately. This helps reduce crowding on the platforms and allow more passengers to board the train to achieve maximum use of the space inside the train. As a comparison, the Kowloon Tong station is the interchange station for the East Rail Line, but there is quite a distance between the railway platforms of East Rail Line and that of West Rail Line. Therefore it is observed that some trains of West Rail Line may carry few passengers to leave the station, posing a waste of cabin space. Moreover, according to the result from the questionnaire, it is discovered that some passengers prefer to aggregate near the doorway of the carriage, rather than occupy the whole carriage evenly. Besides, some passengers may focus on their business (e.g., reading documents, playing with phones) and ignore other passengers. This again causes the wastage of space inside the train.
D-Day, one of the most important days during World War II, was a pivotal moment that changed an entire continent. Despite the name, D-Day did not occur in just one day, but rather over several days. It was a code name for the start of Operation Overlord. D-Day is well-known for marking the beginning of the end of the war in Europe and Hitler's rule over much of the continent. Many historians believe that without D-Day, Europe would have fallen to Hitler. There are several terms associated with D-Day
Vitamin D plays an integral role in multiple systems in the human body, from its function in Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism, to modulation of the immune and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Grober et al. 2013). Unfortunately, factors such as diet, geographic position, and skin pigmentation are contributing to an increase of prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency around the world, consequently leading to a higher rate of associated illnesses. Namely, Cardiovascular Diseases such as Coronary
Vitamin D and its role in cardiovascular disease Vitamin D has been established as an antirachitic for over 80 years and its effects on calcium and bone metabolism have been the main focus for the majority of its research years. Despite the countless medical advances of recent years, there has been a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency around the globe. Largely due to insufficient sunlight exposure, many individuals nowadays are suffering from cardiovascular diseases which could be attributed to hypovitaminosis
Description of the Nutrient: Vitamin D, also known as the “sunshine vitamin” because it can be made naturally by the human body when exposed to the sun, is a fat-soluble nutrient that absorbs calcium and works with it to improve overall health and to build strong, healthy bones. It is important in making sure that the lungs, muscles, heart, and brain work well and that the body is capable of fighting off infections. In addition to maintaining your health, vitamin D also allows for nerves to carry messages
D-Day was the first day of the invasion of Normandy, or Operation Overlord. Operation Overlord, an invasion of northwestern France, had been planned by the Allies and was headed by Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of England, and General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe. These powerful leaders prepared an invasion which was won by a 24 hour weather delay, a strategic deception plan, and countless German mistakes that would change the outcome of World War
a Democratic nation, then gave it all away reshaping America. They were the closest thing the country had to a royal family, but the Rockefellers shunned the public eye. For decades, the Rockefeller name was despised in America, associated with John D. Rockefeller Sr.’s feared monopoly, Standard Oil. By the end of his life, Rockefeller had given away half of his fortune. But even his vast philanthropy could not erase the memory of his predatory business practices. Who was Rockefeller? Was he a ruthless
Dwight’s Early Life Dwight D. Eisenhower was the third son of David and Ida Stover Eisenhower. He was born in 1890 in Denison, Texas, and named David Dwight Eisenhower, although he was known as Dwight David by many. In 1891, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, where Eisenhower was brought up. He was the third of seven sons. He and his older brothers were all called “Ike” by their family, Eisenhower was known as “Little Ike”. In his high school years, he was known to excel in sports due to his active
In 1943, the decision was made to attack the Germans in the spring of 1944. It was called Operation Overlord. On June 6, 1944, Allied troops invaded Normandy on the northern coast of France. The invasion was originally planned for June the fifth, but due to bad weather it was postponed until June the sixth. The Allies consisted of the United States, Britain, France, and Canada. The night before the attack Eisenhower ordered that the thousands of war ships, military and civilian, depart from English
I. General Information: 1. The history of the nutrient: Since ancient times vitamin D has been the predominant cause of bone deficiencies.1 However, it was not in till the seventeenth century when both Dr. Daniel Whistler and Professor Francis Glisson made the first scientific description of a vitamin D deficiency.2 During the mid-seventeenth century there was an increase amount of children that were diagnosed with the bone disease called rickets.2 The cause of the rickets was determined to be associated
the body and from that how they can influence the body’s ability to perform while under duress. An example of such would be the stress of athletic performance. Vitamin D, which is also referred to as cholecalciferol, is one of the fat soluble vitamins that have been attributed to influencing athletic performance. However, vitamin D is not as much a “performance enhancing” nutrient in the sense that when taken in higher amounts it will aid athletic performance, but rather when in deficient amounts
Vitamin D (Calciferol) is a fat soluble steroid prohormone that was first identified as a vitamin in the 20th century (Holicks, et al, 2011 ). It has two major forms- D2(ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol) (Holicks et al, 2011, BMJ). The sources of vitamin D in human include sunlight (80-90%) and dietary source (10-20%) (Mithal et al, 2009). Dietary sources of vitamin D includes – salmon, canned fishes (sardines, tuna, mackerel) , cod liver oil, shitake mushroom, egg yolk, fortified mils and
important player in calcium absorption is Vitamin D, more specifically in the intestine calcium absorption. Vitamin D in calcitriol form was historically limited to muscle tissue of bones, the kidneys, and the intestine. However, it is now know that calcitriol plays an important roll is other tissue function such as the brain, heart, skin, colon, central nervous system, and pancreas, when receptors were found on these tissues as well. Vitamin D can be obtained in a multitude of ways such as through
Franklin D. Roosevelt On January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born.James Roosevelt, Franklin's father, was a prosperous railroad official and landowner(Lawson 25). His predecessors, when they came from the Netherlands, were succes Roosevelt learned from private tutors, not going to school until the age of fourteen. He had already studied German, Latin and French by the time he had started school(Freidel 6). Sailing, bird hunting and stamp collecting were
and it’s called vitamin D. Deficiency Vitamin D deficiency is one of the fastest growing epidemics in the world today. Approximately 75 percent of U.S. teens and adults have low vitamin D levels. Some experts are attributing the high percentage of vitamin D deficiency to the increased use of sunscreen and long sleeve shirts after recent skin cancer-prevention campaigns… But a person does not have to tan or sunburn in order to get vitamin D. (Lite 1) Deficiency in vitamin D occurs when a person does
Background Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread health problem, affecting up to 1 billion people worldwide.[1] It has gained increasing recognition in the developing world, including Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) where sunshine prevails all year round.[2–4] Previous studies in SSA have found widely varying prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, affecting 9-49% of the normal population in a region well endowed with round the year sunshine.[5–7] Cultural norms, religious practices, skin pigmentation, malnutrition