Cultures

Cultures

Culture is something that is very stable but it is still something that is subject to

change. There are different causes to change including accidents or the unexpected

outcome of events that are already in existence. Sometimes it is also the attempt to solve a perceived problem. Change can also be forced upon a group through intense contact between two societies. Adaption and progress are both consequences and not causes of change.

The ultimate source of all change is innovation. This is any new practice, tool, or

principle that gains widespread acceptance within a group. A primary innovation is a

change that involve the chance discovery of a new principle. A secondary innovation

results from the deliberate application of known principles. A great example of primary

innovation is the firing of clay which makes it permanently hard. Modeling the clay to be fired by known techniques into familiar objects. Primary stimulate other inventions and may prompt rapid cultural change.

Diffusion is known as the borrowing of cultural elements from one society by

members of another. Borrowing is so common that the North American anthropologist

Ralph Linton suggested that as much as 90% of a culture is accounted for by borrowing.

The Pilgrims that settled in New Plymouth might have starved to death if it wasn’t for the Indian Squanto which showed them how to grow crops. There is a creativeness behind

the borrowing, picking and choosing from multiple possibilities. Most of these choices

are made to be compatible with the already existing culture.

Cultural loss has to do with the abandonment of some trait or practice with or

without replacement. People think of change as an accumulation of innovations: adding

new things to those that are already there. When reflected upon you come up with the

conclusion that the existence of a new innovation leads to the loss of an older one.

This in not only a feature of Western Civilization. In biblical times chariots and carts were in Widespread use but were replaced by camels because they worked better by the 6th century.

Acculturation is the occurrence of two groups of different cultures coming into

intensive firsthand contact with each other. An element of force is usually involved

directly or indirectly. There are other variables which include the degree of cultural

difference; circumstances, intensity, frequency, and hostility of contact; who is dominant and who is submissive: and whether the nature of the flow is reciprocal or nonreciprocal.