Copepods – Culture and Biology
Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat. Some species are like plankton (drifting in seawater), some are living on the ocean floor and some particular species may live in still-water habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ponds, and puddles, damp moss, or phytotelmata of plants.
Copepods form a subclass belonging to the subphylum Crustacea.
They are divided into 10 orders:-
1. Calanoida*
2. Cyclopoida*
3. Gelyelloida
4. Harpacticoida*
5. Misophrioida
6. Monstrilloida
7. Mormonilloida
8. Platycopioida
9. Poecilostomatoida
10. Siphonostomatoida
(*) = Important orders.
Some 13,000 species of copepods
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After the addition of the media, we insert an aeration tube inside and cover the lid with a cotton plug and start giving them aeration. This preparation has to be put on for 3 days under proper sunlight and 25-30 degree Celsius to observe if the culture is healthy/ potent or not depending on the color each culture portrays (The nanochloropsis culture should have a grass-green color to be seen as potent and the isochrysis culture should have a dark brown color to be seen as potent), if the colors seem dull and light, then that might mean that the culture is impotent.
5. This is called as the mass working culture solution.
Since we have prepared the media now, we can move on to bringing the copepods from the sea and put them into large water tanks of about 300L.
We then add the working solution to the copepod tanks and add filtered seawater to the tanks.
After 4-5 days we again observe the tanks for growth and sediment (which could contain eggs) since the copepods grow
Although a freshwater tank can be full or color, it does not come close to the fiery colors that are present in a marine aquarium. Unfortunately, all the color and life that a marine aquarium holds is much more fragile and not as easy to keep as a freshwater tank. Therefore, the marine aquarium requires a plethora of devices working together and at optimum levels to maintain a successful tank. Items like protein skimmers, ultraviolet filters, sump filters, reverse osmosis units, and even wave-makers are just a few of the devices that are required to properly maintain a marine aquarium. With the exception to a properly constructed tank, nothing is as important to the marine aquarium as the water within the tank and the lighting given its inhabitants.
Even though the study of the deterioration of pteropods in high acidity water may seem unimportant in the grand scheme of the ocean, it is crucial to start somewhere. In this case the pteropods happen to be one of the most obvious examples of marine life that will be influenced by the ocean acidification. It is without a doubt clear that ocean acidification is an up and coming problem that will change the chemistry of the ocean and not only the effect the ocean’s ecosystem and creatures, but most likely the rest of the environment as well. Even though there is copious amounts of research available concerning ocean acidification, it is unclear whether model predictions will come to fruition in the future, or if actual results will completely differ from projections. Currently, the only clear path to try to delay the progression of ocean acidification is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions exponentially. The chart below (Fig. 5) gives a concise and detailed account of what is happening, what will happen and what needs to happen if ocean acidification is going to be
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The outer layer of a reef consists of living animals, or polyps, of coral. Single-celled algae called zooxanthellae live within the coral polyps, and a skeleton containing filamentous green algae surrounds them. The photosynthetic zooxanthellae and green algae transfer food energy directly to the coral polyps, while acquiring scarce nutrients from the coral. The numerous micro habitats of coral reefs and the high biological productivity support a great diversity of other life.
6. Unscrew cap on Penicilium italicum culture tube with one hand and flame the mouth of the tube.
After the incubation period, the tube will be centrifuge using table top centrifuge machine for 10 minutes at 2500 rpm. Centrifuging process should causing the bacteria and other cell debris to form a pellet at the bottom of the tube. The supernatant produce will be taken up about 3 mL using a syringe. A 0.22 micron filter will be attach to the base of the syringe and the supernatant will be filter into a sterile tube. Any remaining bacteria are prevented from passing through the filter except for phage. The filtrate will be label as ‘Enrich Phage’ and store it in refrigerator. By the way, one more overnight culture of Salmonella will be set up.
Aquaponics systems are the combination of aquaculture (raising fish in a tank) and hydroponics (growing of plants in a soil-less environment) that facilitates the growth of the fish and plants simultaneously in one integrated system. The waste produced by the fish would provide a source of nutrition for the growing plants and the plants naturally filter the water in which the fish live in. Another process involved in the aquaponics system is the participation of microbes (nitrifying bacteria) and composting red worms that flourish in the growing media. They convert the ammonia present in the fish waste into nitrites, then into nitrates and the solids into vermicompost that serves are food for the plants. By combining
Crustacea is a large subphylum of Arthropoda, consisting of almost 52 000 described species, including animals like crabs, lobsters, shrimp and barnacles. The majority of these are aquatic, living in marine or fresh water environments, though some have adapted to living on land like some crabs and woodlice. Most crustaceans are relatively small, though there are some exceptions. All of them have a hard, strong exoskeleton, divided into two parts, which has to be shed in order to allow the animal itself to grow. They have a large circulation system, where blood is pumped around the body by the heart. Only some crustaceans have sexes separate, and those that are usually mate seasonally and lay eggs. The study of Crustacea is called carcinology.
Marine organisms live and thrive in communities much like we do; these communities or populations of organisms which interact together in a specific location, are essential for the species’ survival and for the overall functioning of the ecosystem. These specific communities vary depending upon the organisms which inhabit it as well as the physical conditions of that area. Pelagic communities are well known since these communities encompass the entirety of the open water, but Benthic communities, though less discussed, are equally as important (Garrison 310).
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
The experiment measured the survival rate, the growth rate, and the size of the brine shrimp at the time harvested in various environments. To obtain these measurements, three environments were created: sea water, brackish water, and freshwater. For this experiment the scientists used 5 liter plastic buckets. Every two days, half of the water from each bucket was discarded and new water, of each respective salinity, was added into each bucket...
A few strategies have been developed, often including one or many of the following complementary methods. First of all, the entry into the ballast tank to ballast water minimize retrieving of organisms. For example ballast water must be avoided when exist the turbulance in
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