6. Size of cultivated land and fertility (HHLS): availability of land resource is necessary for crop production. The household with fertile and large land size are more advantageous in producing more production. Household who have enough plots of cultivated land can intensify and diversify crops which increase their production. Land accesses positively affect the probability generating higher income and escaped out of poverty. The variable is continuous measured in hector and positive sign is expected on impact of households’ incomes and escaped out of poverty. Hussain et al. (2005), approved the large size land holding can lift up farmers from poverty because they can generate more income from the land.
7. Livestock holding (LIVESTOCK): in
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Access to credit (CREDIT): credit service especially from formal institutions has many advantages in the life of borrowers. They are given training how they create jobs or entrepreneurship; they are encouraged to save some amount of earning on regular basis which used in some occasion by withdrawing it. Many from credit service institution can buy inputs for agricultural activities and other activities to be fruitful in production ( Jemaneh, et.al 2014). The variable is dummy,1 for having an access to credit service and 0 for otherwise. The existence of credit contributes much to reduce poverty. Therefore positive sign is expected to reduce poverty.
10. Access to extension service (EXTENS): extension service provides households with knowledge, skills and new technologies (Davis, et .al 2009). It sharpens the knowhow of household regarding implementation of farm activities and family healthy as well as other activities. It also provides market and other up to date information to household. It has expectation to increase household productivity. Strong extension service delivery has positive effect on households’ income and poverty reduction. The variable takes dummy for those
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Household head job experience (HHHJEXP): Household head job experience has a great contribution toward household income improvement and poverty reduction as the whole. Therefore, household with many years of job experience are better in productivity and income generation as well as poverty reduction (INONI, et.al 2009). It affects income and poverty reduction positively. The model takes dummy 1 for those who have an experienceand0otherwise.
12. Road access (ROACC): If there is better Road access transportation cost is reduced and cost of production is low agricultural production (household can get input at low cost) and Surplus product have to get enough market access. Household who have road access are better in income generation from agriculture and nonfarm income than those who have not road access. In general if there is better road access socio economic problem is solved that leads to economic growth and reduce poverty (Semen, 2014). Therefore, road access is positively affecting poverty reduction. The variable is also dummy take 1 for having an access to road access and otherwise
In Thomas More’s Utopia, agriculture is the foundation of the economy. The agricultural system embodies all citizens, men and women, to cultivate crops. Utopian agriculture is very industrious and according to More, the Utopians produce enough to supply their own nutritional needs as well as a reserve of food in case of hard times. More views the land primarily as an economic resource, although it is not to be taken for granted. Therefore, he designs his economy in a way that will not put strains on the limited resources of nature. The way he accomplishes this is simply by limited population growth. Although, More does not commend birth control, he establishes a city capacity. Thus, by avoiding concentrations of population, the Utopians are guaranteed to have even economic growth throughout the island. This in turn ensures that resources will be equally distributed between economic divisions and that not one piece of agricultural land will be subjected to more economic pressure than another.
By exploring the past and its threats to human populations, the global modern mythology of sustainable agriculture can begin to be narrowed down as to the how and why rural communities may or may not have benefited from agricultural sustainability. By describing the dynamic analysis in the livelihoods of developing countries, the historical changes that had occurred in rural communities, can be understood. Halberg and Müller stated that globally “The world’s population was about 7 billion in 2010 and is expected to grow much more. The expected growth is highest in parts of the world that are vulnerable to hunger and adverse climate condit...
Agriculture plays an enormous part in having a functioning society. The farming fields in the
United Nations Development Programme. Poverty Reduction and UNDP. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Jan. 2013. PDF.
The idea of the family farm has been destroyed by large food corporations. As discussed in class, industrial farming typically leads to the mass produ...
There are countless causes of poverty in under developed countries such as overpopulation, disease, and how the government distributes its wealth. When you have people in developing countries have far too many children than they should and don’t have the means to take care of them you get overpopulation, when you get overpopulation you get less job opportunities, and when that happens you people who can’t take care of themselves or their children. Two factors have been shown that correlate with overpopulation which is poverty and education. When you have higher education in a community you will tend to have a decrease in birth because when people get education especially in women you will have a decline in birthrates because when they get their education they usually want to get a good job. (Poverty and overpopulation).
Before the industrial revolution, villagers practiced communal farming, in which residents worked together to farm on a large lot of land. Part of the land was divided up into three different crop fields. One for wheat or rye, one for oats or beans, and one for fallow. The fourth section of land was left to give livestock a place to graze, plant wild plants, and store firewood for the winter. The Enclosure Movement helped propel the shift from agriculture to industry. With this movement, agriculture was used for commercial practices and not so much as a way to feed single families. Before the start the Enclosure Movement, villages practiced communal farming in which the land and what was grown and raised on it was shared between the residents. However, this way of farming changed as effects of the Enclosure Movement made their way into the villages. Communal farms were divided up into single-family farms, with each family receiving and equal share of land. The owners of the land were rich families. These owners lease the land to farmers. During the enclosure movement, the land owners wrote new leases to individual families. These leases usually lasted 19 years and every family that lived in the village had the right to get a lease. People who got very small farms could not survive on their own without the right to use the common land, of which there was little to no land because it had been divided up. Therefo...
...t too expensive for the farmers. The second step is that broader awareness is required. According to Sarah Alexander, “different farmers trust different sources, such as vendors, crop consultants, and university extension services.” Farmers are going to need to be open minded to new things, in order to feed the human race. The last step is farmers need the right incentives. Farmers want to know about the good that they are doing. Farmer’s want to know how they are saving the environment, and how they are producing more food, and feeding more people than they were before.
...earch and extension, rural infrastructure, and market access for small farmers. Rural investments have been sorely neglected in recent decades, and now is the time to reverse this trend. Farmers in many developing countries are operating in an environment of inadequate infrastructure like roads, electricity, and communications; poor soils; lack of storage and processing capacity; and little or no access to agricultural technologies that could increase their profits and improve their livelihoods. Recent unrest over food prices in a number of countries may tempt policymakers to put the interests of urban consumers over those of rural people, including farmers, but this approach would be shortsighted and counterproductive. Given the scale of investment needed, aid donors should also expand development assistance to agriculture, rural services, and science and technology.
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.
The next advantage is the bank will get a fixed amount of repayment and charges from penalty fees, late fees or over-the-limit fees. With banks and same institutions, a major source of non-interest income is the fees according with the management of customer accounts. For instance, a financial record may be organized to permit a little charge to be charged from the client's record on a month to month premise. It is also called an administration charges, is use to return for such assignments as presenting charges and credits on the record and supplying the client with a month to month articulation of record.
Being the largest country in Eastern Africa, Tanzania occupies an area of approximately 945, 234 km squared and is comprised of the mainland and three coastal islands (Devisscher, 2010). Indeed, the nation possesses a multitude of differing ecosystems that support not only the local people but also the wider economy (Devisscher, 2010). For many LEDCs, in the modern world agricultural practices are a key activity in not only sustaining life, but also contributing to and maintaining a healthy economy. In particular, there is a significant reliance upon such a sector within Tanzania. It is considered to be the backbone of the Nations economy (Nyoni, 2007), providing over 70% of its population with employment (Sarris et al, 2006). Most notably, such an industry is characterized by smallholder farmers, with the average size of cultivated areas ranging from 1 to 3 hectares (Sarris et al, 2006). The planting of crops such as maize, wheat, beans and cassava accounts for over 85% of the cultivated area (Sarris et al, 2006).
Economic growth is the most effective instrument for reducing poverty and enhancing the quality of life in developing countries. The benefits brought about from economic growth is strong growth and business opportunities enhance incentives. This may lead to the rise of a strong and growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for enhanced administration. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which in turn promotes economic growth. But, under different conditions, comparative rates of development can have altogether different consequences for neediness, the occupation prospects of poor people and more extensive pointers of human development. The extent to which growth decreases neediness depends on the extent to which the poor take an interest in the growth process and share in its returns (Riley, G.
Krishnaraj, Maithreyi. 2006. “Food Security, Agrarian Crisis and Rural Livelihoods.” Economic and Political Weekly 41 (52): 5376-5388.