1. Introduction Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia [1]. Approximately 1% of males have undescended testes, 80% of them are clinically palpable and 20% are non-palpable. The term ‘nonpalpable testes’ implies that they cannot be detected on physical examination; they are either intra-abdominal, absent, vanishing or atrophic [2]. Preoperative detection and location of testicles can help to determine the optimal type of procedure and allow for appropriate future planning. In the case of vanishing or absent …show more content…
MR Imaging: All MRI examinations were performed with a 1.5-T MRI system (Achieva; Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) using body coil (a phased-array coil).T1, T2 and fat suppressed T2-weighted imaging as well as diffusion weighted imaging were performed during the same MRI examination in all patients. Images will acquired with the patient is in supine position with head pointing to the magnet (head first supine; HFS). The body coil was securely tightened using straps to prevent respiratory artifacts. The center the laser beam localizer will placed over symphysis pubis. Chloral hydrate syrup at a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight was needed for children less than 5 years for sedation during MRI examination. Conventional MRI examination included axial and coronal spin-echo T1-weighted sequence, axial T2- weighted sequence, axial and coronal fat suppressed spin-echo T2-weighted sequence, and axial DWI, slice thickness, 4 mm; interslice gap, 1 mm; field of view, 50 cm2. DWIs were performed using three sets of b value (50, 400, and 800 s/mm2). All MRI images including diffusion-weighted image sequences were transferred to an independent workstation. 2.3. Image …show more content…
They recorded the presence or absence and the location of UDT. First, the DWIs (including the images with b values of 50, 400, and 800 s/mm2) were reviewed alone, then the conventional MR images, and finally the combined DW and conventional MR images. At DWIs, the abdomen was imaged for focal areas of hyperintensity. Elliptic areas of hyperintensity were recorded as testes, and their anatomical location were classified into: intracanalicular, low intraabdominal, and high intraabdominal. On conventional MR images, elliptic areas hypointense on fat-suppressed T1-weighted images and iso- or hyperintense on T2-weighted images were recorded as testes in the aforementioned locations. On the combined DW and conventional MR images, conventional MRI was used for anatomic localization of hyperintense elliptic areas on the DW images. On DWIs, testes were recorded for focal areas of hyperintensity that did not represent T2 shine through from fluid-containing
My interest in MRI started when I first read the book “MRI, The Basics” written by the author Ray Hashemi. By the time I successfully finished my MRI clinical placement in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, I knew for sure that MRI would be the field I would be choosing to take on. What attracts me most about MRI is how beautifully scientist could create a technology that can take advantage of the magnetic moments of human body for imaging it without any harms of ionizing radiation. Although there are drawbacks to MRI, combining it with other modalities would be a more effective approach to an accurate diagnosis.
What needs to be assessed is how these full body scans are produced. It is produced through radiation through computed tomography. And, is the amount of radiation that a patient is receiving necessary. Radiation exposure is harmful. According to the FDA website
The MRI, on the other hand is less expensive and much safer (as it doesn’t expose the patient to potentially harmful radioactive chemicals). The MRI or magnetic resonance imaging device, as an safer alternative, applies a powerful magnetic field around the head of the patient.
In my opinion this method is only good for men that do not want to be the biological father of any children in the future. Men who are sensative to surgery should think hard before they proceed with this.
The role of the radiologist is one that has undergone numerous changes over the years and continues to evolve a rapid pace. Radiologists specialize in the diagnoses of disease through obtaining and interpreting medical images. There are a number of different devices and procedures at the disposal of a radiologist to aid him or her in these diagnoses’. Some images are obtained by using x-ray or other radioactive substances, others through the use of sound waves and the body’s natural magnetism. Another sector of radiology focuses on the treatment of certain diseases using radiation (RSNA). Due to vast clinical work and correlated studies, the radiologist may additionally sub-specialize in various areas. Some of these sub-specialties include breast imaging, cardiovascular, Computed Tomography (CT), diagnostic radiology, emergency, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), musculoskeletal, neuroradiology, nuclear medicine, pediatric radiology, radiobiology, and Ultrasound (Schenter). After spending a vast amount of time on research and going to internship at the hospital, I have come to realize that my passion in science has greatly intensified. Furthermore, both experiences helped to shape up my future goals more prominently than before, which is coupled with the fact that I have now established a profound interest in radiology, or rather nuclear medicine.
Cost effectiveness and noninvasiveness seem to be a theme in developing preventative treatments of coronary artery disease. A study presented by the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging proposes that the use of coronary wall MRI would encompass both of these factors. These MRI images compared coronary artery thickness of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. It was found that these images could successfully detect artery wall thickness in asymptomatic patients who would have otherwise not been screened for risk factors.
...tance, which creates contrast, and having a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan, Computed Tomography (CT) scan, or a fluoroscopic X-ray.
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the male’s testicles first then spreads to other parts of the body. It most commonly spreads to the lymph nodes after it spreads throughout the testicles. Testicles are part of the male’s reproductive system that makes testosterone, the male hormone, and sperm. It is treatable and can usually be cured. The signs of testicular cancer are lumps, swelling, and pain in your testicles. You can check for these lumps yourself, but it is better and more important to check with your doctor for lumps annually. Testicular cancer isn’t caused by much, but there are some risks.
One of the most recently new advances in radiology is the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has been around for the past century. It was at first called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and then it changed to MRI once there was an available image. Walter Gerlach and Otto Stern were the first scientists to start experimenting with the magnetic imaging. Their very first experiment was looking at the magnetic moments of silver by using some type of x-ray beam. The scientists then discovered this was by realizing that the magnetic force in the equipment and in the object itself. In 1975, the first image was finally created using and MRI machine. The scientists used a Fourier Transformation machine to reconstruct images into 2D. The first images ever use diagnostically was in 1980. This is when hospitals began to use them. At first the images took hours to develop and were only used on the patients that needed it most. Even though MRI has been around for a long time, it has advanced and has been one of the best imaging modalities recently (Geva, 2006).
Cryptosporidium infection is an illness caused by tiny cryptosporidium parasites. When the body is infected by these parasites they travel to the intestines. The main symptom of this infection is watery diarrhea. Other symptoms include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, headache and loss of appetite. In immune-competent people, it is a self-limited illness and could last about week or two while with immune-compromised people, the infection can be life threating and fatal.
Slaughenhoupt, Bruce L. "Diagnostic Evaluation and Management of the Child With Ambiguous Genitalia." KMA Journal 95 (1997): 135-141.
"Imaging and radiology." Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. 2008. eLibrary. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.
Now with the dangerous jobs in the world and even the dangerous playgrounds, electronic imaging is needed. Electronic imaging, an outstanding technological advancement, helps views bones, organs, and cancerous cells within the body. X-ray or radiograph was the first type of electronic imaging introduced into the medical field. This played an important part in the medical field because it allowed doctors to see broken bones and inflammation inside of organs. Another important electronic imaging that was introduce was the MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aids physicians in seeing soft tissues in the body. With the help of MRIs doctors are able to see whether those tissues are normal or damaged. A little later on functional MRIs were created to see the soft tissues function. Functional MRIs are commonly u...
Initially, my area of interest was directed towards diagnostic sonography, however, this area of study was not
The male reproductive system is a set of organs that works together to produce sperm which will later in life fertilize females eggs. The testes are the most important part of the system because it produces sperm cells. It is similar and looks similar to ovaries of a female’s reproductive system because it also holds what they need to reproduce. Its job is to produce the sperm cells needed to reproduce. Due to hormonal imbalances the production of sperm cells may not even be possible in some males. Testosterone is the male the hormone that gives men there manly characteristics. It is made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen with a white color. In the male body it helps develop sex organs, a deeper voice, and facial hair (Khalid, 2013). Cancer or a genetic disorder in males is the most common thing that cause the reductions of testosterone production in the body. Behind the testes is the epididymis which lets sperm go through the vas deferens from the testes (Dictionary, 2014). It looks like leach the way it is position right on the testes but it is thinner. When sperm is produces the ...