I. Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study:
Philippine Tea Tree or also known as “Tsaang-Gubat” is a shrub that grows wild in the tropical climate of the Philippines. This species of medicinal plant is permitted by the Philippine Department of Health-Philippine Institute of Traditional Alternative Health Care (DOH-PITAHC) as one of the scientifically validated plants that flourishes in nature to be used as medicine which is more inexpensive and available than synthetic drugs (Principe & Jose, 2002). Species of genus Carmona is proved to successfully aid in various ailments (CP, M, & Kumar, 2012). It is attested that this species of plant can be anti-allergenic, anti-bacterial, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory (Chandrappa et al., 2013; CP, Govindappa, Nv, & Channabasava, 2012; CP, M, et al., 2012; Lam, 2012; Principe & Jose, 2002; Reglos-zara, Cedo, Guzman, & Felicito, 2010; Starr, Starr, & Loope, 2003; Villaseffor, Edu, & Bremnet, 1992) And it is also found out that this species contains phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins, terpenoids and cardenolides that has a high potential in treating many illnesses(Chandrappa et al., 2013; CP, Govindappa, et al., 2012; CP, M, et al., 2012; Reglos-zara et al., 2010; Villaseffor et al., 1992). And because of its efficacy, this herbal plant can be bought commercially in capsules, tablets and tea bags (Lam, 2012; Starr et al., 2003).
There is also a
1.2. Statement of the Problems:
The proponents of this study would like to address the following questions:
1. What are the efficacies of the crude extracts of Carmona retusa in treating other illnesses?
2. Can this be ...
... middle of paper ...
...t and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81(3), 327–36. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12127233
Starr, F., Starr, K., & Loope, L. (2003). Carmona retusa, 8–10.
Tayarani-najaran, Z., & Emami, S. A. (2011). Cytotoxic Plants : Potential Uses in Prevention and Treatment of Cancer.
University of Washington Medical Center, & Harborview Medical Center. (2006). Brain Tumors.
Vilallonga, R., Espin Basany, E., & Armengol, M. (2009). Cavernous hemangioma: unusual benign tumor of the transverse colon. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology : The Official Journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology, 20(2), 146–9. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530050
Villaseffor, I. M., Edu, D. A., & Bremnet, J. B. (1992). Triterpenoids of Carmona retusa (VAHL) MASAM.
World Health Organization. (2004). Cancer.
Esters are defined as molecules consisting of a carbonyl group which is adjacent to an ether linkage. They are polar molecules which are less polar than alcohols but more so than ethers, due to their degree of hydrogen bonding ability. Most often derived from reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, esters are a unique, ubiquitous class of compounds with many useful applications in both natural and industrial processes 1. For example, within mammals, esters are used in triglycerides and other lipids as they are the main functional group attacking fatty acids to the glycerol chain 2. A unique property of esters is their tendency to give off distinct aromas such as the scent of apples (Ethyl caprylate) and bananas (Isoamyl acetate). This is of a unique importance especially in industries that utilize flavors and aromas such as the tobacco, candy and alcohol industry. Consistent research is conducted in order to enhance and increase the effectiveness of esters in these products 3.
These intensely hot products of summer are overflowing with flavour and lycopene – an antioxidant that may secure against a few cancers. They additionally convey a wealth of vitamins A and C, potassium, and phytochemicals.
Chemotherapy is the treatment of a tumor with chemical agents to reduce mass or eradicate a tumor completely. There are certain mechanisms by which chemotherapy inhibits cancer. The first mechanism is cell death by cytotoxicity. Some chemical agents in certain amounts are toxic to cells. The cells die due to the toxic...
Citrus fruit are not just used for fresh fruit and juice. It has many other uses. One is in jellies and in other preserves. Preserves include marmalades and crystallized fruits. A by-product of citrus production is ...
useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones,secoiridoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, coumarins, and isoflavones form a large class of polyphenols, which are phenolic compounds. This study, however, focuses on one category of these phenolic compounds: phenolic acids. These particular compounds have been classified into two groups, namely hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxybenzoic acids are protocatechuic acid and gallic acid, while hydroxycinnamic acids include ferulic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and sinapic acid, (Nigdikar, Williams, Griffin, & Howard). Unlike hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids usually occur at very low levels in some black radish, red fruits, and onions, accounting for about 10 ppm on a fresh weight basis. Protocatechuic ac...
Medical Clinics of North America, 81, 831-843. Hoffman, D. Brunnemann, K.D. & Gori, G. B, et al. , (1975).The carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke. Resent Advances in Phytochemistry. New York, Kouri, E. M., Pope, H.G., & Lukas, S.E (1999).
Plant defences are those mechanisms employed by plants in response to herbivory and parasitism. According to Hanley et al. (2007), “the tissues of virtually all terrestrial, freshwater, and marine plants have qualities that to some degree reduce herbivory, including low nitrogen concentration, low moisture content, toxins or digestibility-reducing compounds”. The type of chemical defence may be species specific (Scott 2008). The defences that plants possess may be in the form of chemical production or in the form of physical defences such as thorns or spikes and even through reinforced, rigid leaves. “The compounds that are produced in response to herbivory can either have a direct effect on the attacker itself (e.g. toxins or digestibility reducers), or serve as indirect defenses by attracting the natural enemies of the herbivores” (Bezemer & van Dam 2005). This essay will focus on chemical plant defences and in particular the effects of terpenes, phenolics, nitrogen-based defences as well as allelopathy in plants.
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
...tioxidants and free radical scavenging. Different sample preparation techniques such as SFE extraction, pressurized hot water extraction and solid- phase extraction have also been utilized prior to analysis. High-speed counter-current Chromatography has been used for the preparative separation and purification of baicalin and wogonin from Scutellariae radix. Crude baicalin was obtained by extraction with methanol with water (70:30) from Scutellaria baicalensis. The separation was performed in two steps with a two phase solvent system composed of n-butanol with water (1:1). In which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flowrate of 1.0 ml/min in the head to- tail elution mode. The simultaneous separation and purification of active components in Scutellaria baicalensis can be analysed by High-speed counter-current Chromatography (Sujuan Wu et al., 2005).
Alexiades, Dr. Miguel. Book Review: A Field Guide to Medicinal and Useful Plants of the
Herbal remedies’ qualities are widespread availability, lower cost, effective for chronic conditions. Herbal remedies are the use of plants or plant extract to treat a person’ overall health. Herbal treatments are prominent for developing countries for instance, “in Africa up to 90% and in India 70% of the population depend on traditional medicine to help meet their health care needs” (Wachtel-Galor & Benzie, 2011), due to their low cost and availability. Herbal remedies have gained attention in the past decades, and expanding their uses due to the increased interest of natural therapies (Wachtel-Galor & Benzie, 2011). Herbs used on the remedies grow in the wild throughout the world, therefore making it easy to
According to Ming-Yeng Pang, a writer of an article Herbal Medicine and Cancer, Considering that herbal medicines are inferiorly regulated than the conventional medicine, manufacturers may differ on the quality and quantity of the medicine. Since there’s no proper and studied techniques on making an herbal remedies, it may cause contamination and dilution. Herbal medicine does interact with pharmaceutical products that it might interfere the effects of the conventional medicine. In relation with this, herbal medicine can be life-menacing (Herbal Medicine and C...
Gingerols, which is the main active component in ginger and responsible for its distinctive taste can also help in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. In a research made for colorectal cancer, mice were injected cancer cells and only 4 tumors are found in those treated with gingerol c...
Reshetnikov S., Wasser S., Duckman I., & Tsukor K. (2000). Medicinal value of the genus Tremella Pers. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2 (3): 345–67