The reliability and validity of each selected item were also assessed. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability. The convergent validity was used to assess the construct validity among the selected items using the correlation between: a) pain intensity item with BPI-Pain Intensity, b) pain interference item with BPI-Pain Interference, ODI, and SF-12 Physical Component Summary, c) sleep item with BPI-Pain Interference, d) fatigue item with SF-12 Physical Component Summary and ODI, e) depression item with HADS-Depression and PHQ-9, f) anxiety item with HADS-Anxiety, g) physical function item with SF-12 Physical Component Summary and ODI, and h) social function item with Physical Component Summary and ODI. It was hypothesized that the
Historians can either disagree or agree into a situation to find the meaning of outcomes. Certainly the past had happened the way it is therefore history is always explained from other people’s perspective. The perspective of historians such as Bernard Baiylin or Gary Nash can relate to the American Revolution, however Baiyln has a stronger argument because he expands the topic, gives great information that readers can pick up right away, and has reliable sources while Nash’s argument is weak because of difficult wording, relies on common data, and lacks of direct facts that relate to his topic.
Since it was designed as a self-report tool that assesses a broad scope of clinical conditions, its reliability and validity can be considered as strong. In its 478 items, the MMPI-A covers the 10 original scales of MPPI, six validity scales, PSY-5 scales, and 15 content component scales. Then there are also three social introversion sub-scales, the 31 Harris Lingoes sub-scales and six supplementary scales. More importantly, studies of the MMPI-A have shown high test and retest consistency through which reliability and validity can be guaranteed (Gass & Odland, 2012). With the exception of the MF scale that is part of the four factor model, the remaining three which are General Maladjustment, Social Introversion and Over-Control, relevantly address the behavioral problems exhibited by Jane. Hence, it is imperative that the racial disparity of the MF scale be considered from a cultural perspective because studies have shown that there is a tendency of non-Whites scoring higher than other races (Gass & Odland, 2014). Ideally, the variations in cultural values must be considered when applying the test on Whites and non-Whites since the differences reflect socio-economic factors rather than racial
The aforementioned primary stress components are stress-inducers, stress mediator, and stress indicators based on the areas of life events, personality, and psychopathology. Each of the primary stress components has their own corresponding numbers or scale to determine the total stress score. A DSP ...
Very few people can deny that we are living in an unprecedented era of human development, be it good or bad. Even if industrialism can be considered good now, do we want human’s record on the Earth for millions of years to be the smokestacks of a factory? We manipulate everything from the movement of whole bodies of water using dams, to the basic DNA in animals with bioengineering. But has human action’s altered nature so much that it has progressed shifted something as massive as a geological epoch by millions of years? It has according to Charles Mann and Paul Crutzen, who suggested that the Holocene epoch is done, and we are in a new era. They each suggested renaming the epoch Homogenocene and Anthropocene respectively, which are founded
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96(2), 234-254. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.234
Rating scale is a measurement based on psychometric theory and it consists of a single line. Respondents are asked to place health state on the line to reflect their perceived values of different health states. Usually, researcher would ask patients to score each outcome on a scale with the anchors 0 (death o...
The researchers tested their hypotheses in two methods. In the first method the researchers selected 78 individuals. 65 of the individuals were women. The participants chosen were on average 21 years of age. The participants also had been in a romantic relationship for 20 months. The participants were asked to keep a paper sleep diary in which they would write in every day and night for 2 weeks. The participants were then told to transfer the information to an online diary and asked to answer a few questions about their experience. The information the participants needed to keep track of was kept short. The information noted were things like: how long it took for the participant to sleep, how many times the participant woke up, how long they slept, the quality of sleep, and how tired they felt that day. Each category was scored using a 5 point number scale. The lower the score the better.
The Kaiser Meyer Olkin measure showed that the analysis was acceptable and the Bartlett's test was significant with a chi-square value of 943.16 and a p value less than 0.001. No behavioral measurements loaded on the three components. Between each component, correlations were found when analyzing self-report measures, BAS subscales, and the remaining self-report measures. A logistic regression was conducted and the overall success of the prediction included 85.3%. A second regression was conducted with BART and no significant predictors.
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
The primary factors that are important in conducting statistical test are variables (categorical or quantitative) and the number of (IVs) independent variables and (DVs) dependant variables. To facilitate the identification process the chapter provides two decision- making tools so that it is easier to make a decision. The chapter presents the decision making tools and gives an overview of the statistical techniques addressed in this text as well as basic univariate test, all of which will be organized by the four types of research questions: degree of relationship, significance of group differences, prediction of group membership, and structure. Statistical test that analyze the degree of relationship include bivariate correlation and regression, multiple regression and path analysis. Research questions addressing degree of relationship all have quantitative variables. Methods that examine the significance of group differences are t test, one-way and factorial ANOVA, one-way and factorial ANCOVA, one- way and factorial MANOVA, and one-way and factorial MANCOVA. Research questions that address group differences have categorical IVs. Statistical tests that predict group membership are discriminate analysis and logistic regression. Research questions that address prediction of group membership have a categorical DV. Statistical
In conclusion the author has clearly defined and provided usable examples of each four levels of measurement scales that are commonly known as nominal, ordinal, ratio, and interval scales. The author has also discuss how each scale of measurement can be applied and incorporated into the development of a questionnaire use for collecting data.
An SPSS data analysis was conducted to synthesis and analyse the raw results. Through the SPSS software, a t-test was conducted for the three sets of data obtained. For hypothesis 1 and 2, an independent t-test was conduced and for hypothesis 3 a repeated measures t-test was conducted.
In this chapter, the study type, sample techniques and sample selection were explained. The sample size was defined; questionnaire design, questionnaire administration, data analysis, reliability and validity were defined and discussed. In the following chapter, results will be presented and discussed. Pie charts, bar graphs and tables will also be used.
The data and facts are supported and substantiated by questionnaire, graphical and statistical tools have been used, and analysis and suggestions have been furnished for a better perspective.
According to Terre Blanche, Durrheim and Painter (2006), reliability is “the degree to which results are repeatable”. It can apply to the scores achieved by the study or the study as a whole. A more reliable study will yield similar results no matter how many times the test is repeated. In order to calculate the reliability for this study Split-half reliability, Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman Brown prophecy will be used.