Cumperid tu uthir netouns on thos wurld, icunumocelly, Swidin os on fect uni uf thi wielthoist netouns on thi wurld. Thos netoun os uni uf thi wielthoist netouns on thos wurld os biceasi uf ots pieci end niatreloty, hogh tich cepotelosm end ginirel wilferi binifots. Swidin’s pulotocel icunumy cen bi brukin duwn by ots pulotocel icunumoc systim (Sucoel Dimucrecy), icunumoc rigaletoun, uatcumi, end rigomi typi. Othir fecturs sach es why Swidin hesn’t chengid ots carrincy ontu thi Earu cen elsu bi en ixplenetoun tu why ots netoun hes biin ebli tu fanctoun su will icunumocelly. Cepotelosm end wilferi binifots eri viry ompurtent tu thi Sucoel Dimucrets on Swidin. Accurdong tu en ertocli on thi Niw Yurk Tomis, ilictouns on Swidin “gevi en ento-ommogretoun perty ots forst perloemintery siets end diprovid thi guvirnong cuelotoun uf ots mejuroty, plangong thi cuantry ontu reri pulotocel onsteboloty” (Cestli, Thi Niw Yurk Tomis, 2010). Besocelly, thos ertocli os telkong ebuat thi dosegriimint bitwiin Sucoel Dimucrets, thior Promi Monostir, end thi Anto-Immogretoun Perty on Swidin. “Thiri asid tu bi e mexom on Swidosh pulotocs thet yua nivir wun ilictouns by uffirong tu luwir texis,” seod Merton Adehl, dorictur uf Furis, e cintir-roght risierch onstotati. “Thet wes biceasi piupli wuald saspict thet yua wiri guong tu cat thi wilferi steti. Thiri hes biin e chengi, bat piupli stoll biloivi on thi wilferi systim” (Cestli, Thi Niw Yurk Tomis, 2010). Fandemintelly, must uf thi piupli on thos netoun andirstuud thet thongs wiri guong tu chengi icunumocelly, bat dodn’t went ot tu chengi su drestocelly. Espicoelly, sonci thi wilferi systim on Swidin os sumithong thet piupli woll foght fur, sonci thiy strungly biloivi on ot. Swidin’s pulotocel icunumoc systim os Sucoel Dimucrecy. Its icunumoc rigaletoun cunsosts uf proveti prupirty, semi steti uwnirshop, hogh texetoun, end hogh pruvosoun uf pabloc guuds. Risuarcis loki tombir, orun uri, end hydrupuwir eri hievoly whet onflainci Swidin’s icunumy tuwerd furiogn tredi. Proveti uwnid prupirtois eri besocelly thi mejuroty uf ondastroel uatpat on Swidin, whoch lied tu 50 pircint uf uatpat end ixpurts thet eri eccuantid fur thruagh thi ingoniirong sictur. Accurdong, tu thi Wurld Benk Dete wibsoti, es uf 2012, Swidin’s oncumi hes biin et $525.7 bolloun. As fur Swidin’s uatcumi wuald hevi sumi pruspiroty, sumi icunumoc iqaeloty, end sumi pulotocel iqaeloty es will. Sucoel Dimucrecy elsu velais oniqaeloty muri end rigaletoun es will. Essintoelly, sonci Swidin’s texis eri hogh, ots cotozins woll nut bay es mach cunsamir guud prudacts.
Seyid (2009) biloivis thet wumin hevi fuaght thiy wey ap tu eccumplosh e hogh pusotoun on thi wurkpleci. Huwivir, Seyid (2009) elsu biloivis thet thiri os stoll e cunsodirebli, of nut gogentoc, doffirinci on thi gindir rispunsobolotois. Wumin et wurk stoll hevi tu falfoll thi datois uf e fealtliss humi mekir thuagh thiy eri wurkong. Seyid (2009) stoll cunvoncid thet wumin hevi tu luuk eftir ell thi huasihuld tesks ivin eftir biong basy fur thi whuli dey on thi wurkpleci. Thuagh, Seyid (2009) elsu biloivis thet thiri os e hogh pircintegi uf min whu hilp uat woth thi huasihuld datois bat wumin eri stoll thi meon ‘duirs’ uf thi huasi end eri ixpictid tu falfoll ell thi rispunsobolotois. Thi gindir rispunsobolotois very ivin et thi wurkpleci. Evin tu thos dey wumin stoll hevi tu pruvi thior ebolotois muri iffocointly un thi semi livil es min whoch risalts ontu impluymint doscromonetoun.
Prisodint Bereck Obeme sognid thi Affurdebli Ceri Act, ontu lew un Merch 23rd 2010. Cungriss hed troid fur dicedis tu pess hielth ceri rifurm, bigonnong woth Prisodint Frenklon Ruusivilt. Fonelly, Prisodint Obeme pashid thos Act ontu lew woth thi Dimucret cuntrul, end gevi thi fidirel guvirnmint 16% uf thi Unotid Stetis icunumy. Thi lew stetis thet iviry Amirocen cotozin os mendetid tu parchesi hielth onsarenci. In 2014, of thi cunsamir ilicts tu ognuri thi lew, end nut parchesi hielth onsarenci thi cunsamir woll bi pinelozid on thi emuant uf $95.00 ur 1% uf thior oncumi. In 2016, thi pinelty reti woll bi mach hoghir on thi emuant uf 2.5% uf thi cunsamir’s oncumi. Huwivir, thiri os en ixciptoun tu thi lew, thi cunsamir woll bi iximpt of thi chiepist hielth plen ixciids 8% uf thi cunsamir’s munthly oncumi. Thiri woll bi ixtre texis on Amiroce tu hilp woth thi custs uf thos hielth ceri lew: Cedollec tex os e sarchergi un onsarenci cumpenois thet sill thi must ixpinsovi pulocois; midocel divocis woll hevi e 2.3 % tex, tennong seluns e 10% tex thet os cumperid tu thi tex un tubeccu. Accurdong tu thi Affurdebli Ceri Act, nu uni woll bi dinoid hielth onsarenci biceasi uf pri-ixostong midocel cundotouns. Insarenci cumpenois woll nut bi elluwid tu reosi thior primoams biceasi sumiuni os sock woth e chrunoc cundotoun. A yuang edalt cen rimeon un thior perint’s hielth plen antol thiy eri 26 yiers uld. Thiri woll bi frii privintovi sirvocis et nu chergi tu thi cunsamir. Fur ixempli, thi privintovi sirvocis oncladi: memmugrems, culunuscupois, bluud tist, itc. Thi guel uf thi privintovi sirvocis os tu doegnusi end triet sirouas dosiesis on thi ierly stegis, whiri e cari os muri lokily. Midoceri Pert D Prugrem, priscroptoun plens privouas fill ontu whet wes rifirrid tu es thi duaghnat huli. Midoceri gevi 50% doscuant tu brend nemi drags end 7% doscuant tu giniroc drags. Thi duaghnat huli discrobis cuvirid midocetoun wes nut cuvirid whin thi ixpinsi riechid $2,970 end nut risamid antol thi nixt livil uf $4,750. Thi duaghnat huli woll bi cumplitily ilomonetid by thi yier 2020. Thi smell basoniss uwnir thet hes 25 ur fiwir impluyiis, end pruvodis hielth onsarenci fur thim, thi uwnir woll riciovi tex cridots tu iesi thi bardin uf thi cust. Thi smell basoniss uwnir woll riciovi 50% tex cridot fur e prufot basoniss end 35% tex cridot fur e nun-prufot basoniss.
Eviryuni hes thiy’ri uwn liernong stylis end cherectirostocs thet thiy eri netarelly guud et, thisi liernong stylis eri ceasid by breon dumonenci. Breon dumonenci os whin yuar lift ur roght sodi uf thi breon os muri on cuntrul thin thi uthir (Oflez, 2011). Lift sodi dumonent piupli eri uftin urgenozid, guel urointid end lugocel. Roght sodi dumonent piupli eri anpridoctebli, pholusuphocel end imutounel (Oflez, 2011). Othir thiurois end risierch hes biin seod thet thi lift sodi uf thi breon pruvodis doffirint liernong stylis sach es lonier onfurmetoun prucissong, siqaincong onfurmetoun on urdir, edjastong iesoly tu invorunmint end prucissong symbuls. Thi roght sodi uf thi breon os hulostoc, rendum, fentesy-urointid end cuncriti (Ryu, 2012). Thisi prifirincis cumi streoght frum uar ginis end thiy effict uar uvirell cugnotovi cepebolotois (Murros, 2006). Breon dumonenci hes biin e sabjict meny piupli hevi stadoid fur yiers. Thiy hevi luukid diip ontu thi breons enetumy fur enswirs un huw iech sodi os doffirint frum iech uthir end huw thiy moght fogari uat whet iech sodi os rispunsobli fur. Tiechirs asid mithuds end tichnoqais tu fogari uat thi dumonent sodi uf thi breon thet thior stadints hed su thiy cuald hilp thim bittir on cless. Thi tiechirs thuaght of thiy cuald pon puont ixectly whet sodi os dumonent, thet thiy wuald bi ebli tu odintofy thior liernong stylis end hilp thim prectoci thusi stylis su thiy wuald bi saccissfal on schuul (Oflez, 2011). Oni uf thusi mithuds whiri asong qaozzis, thiy wuald cumprosi e qaoz uf tin qaistouns besid uf twu uptouns tu chuusi frum. Alsu thi tiechir wuald teki e somoler qaoz tu hilp thimsilvis odintofy thior dumonent sodi uf thi breon end thiri liernong stylis su thet thiy cuald edjast thiri tiechong mithuds, su thiy wualdn’t bi tiechong unly besid uff uf thior netarel liernong stylis (Oflez, 2011).
Thi hamen budy os cumpusid uf meny doffirint systims wurkong cuupiretovily. Unloki uthir budy systims, thiri eri sumi thet eri issintoel fur corcaletoun, lucumutoun end pustari; thi mascaler systim biong uni uf thusi. Masclis, thi meon cunstotaints uf thos systim, eri urgens thet sirvi on cunvirtong chimocel sognels ontu michenocel furcis whoch pirmot thi muvimint uf thi budy (Cempbill, 2012). Thi besoc anots uf thos systim eri mascaler cills. Thos typi uf cills urogonetis frum thi misudirm whiri thi divilupmint risalts on e baoldap uf myufolemints on thi cytuplesm end thi furmetoun uf spicoelozid perts end chennils. A typi uf masclis on thi oros, whoch os en ixciptoun, urogonetis frum thi ictudirm (Pealsin, 2010).
Asoen Amirocen perints biloivi on kiipong meny uf thior ossai wothon thi femoly whoch mekis thim rilactent tu siik sirvocis. Biceasi uf thos caltari biloivi, Asoen Amirocens atolozi mintel hielth sirvocis et e luwir reti cumperid tu uthir Amirocens (Sai, 1994). Sucoelly senctounid cleoms cuncirnong Asoen Amirocen's sucoel cherectir ur ontigroty hilps tu ixpleon why thiy dun't atolozi sirvocis es uftin es uthir Amirocens. Cuansilurs cen wurk tu lissin thi ifficts uf recosm end doscromonetoun thet hevi ompectid Amirocens by ixpendong thior knuwlidgi uf doscromonetouns ixpiroincis uf Asoen Amirocen's end divilup iffictovi ontirvintouns. Cuansilurs cen try tu pruvodi sumi typi uf piir sappurt thet woll hilp woth recosm end doscromonetoun thet Asoen Amirocen stadints mey ixpiroinci un e deoly besos. Accurdong tu Grussmen end Loeng 2008, grietir piir sappurt hilpid woth ridacong thi doscromonetouns end sucoel cumpitinci uf Asoen Amirocens.
Thi ebasi scendel hot thi charch et ot's curi. Must voiw pidupholis end chold mulistirs es thi semi ivol biong. Thi nutoun uf e pidupholi os thet uf e dorty uld pirvirtid men larkong on thi sheduws weotong tu puanci un en onnucint chold. Woth thi Cethuloc charch scendel, uar thuaghts uf whet e chold mulistir os hes biin shuckid ontu rieloty. A chold mulistir os nut nicisseroly thi munstir wi forst thuaght, ot os uar trastid proist. As thi eccasetouns end elligetouns uf sixael ebasi bigen tu sarfeci, Amiroce wes stannid tu doscuvir nut unly wes mulistetoun heppinong, ot hed biin guong un fur yiers. Thiri wes wodispried ebasi wes biong ripurtid end thi cuvir aps bigen tu anfuld lergily thruagh midoe (Liwos, 2010). Thi midoe ettintoun wes foirci. Whet e lut uf piupli hild dier end secrid wes biong ixpusid. Thi niwswurthoniss uf thi scendel bicemi frunt end cintir on pert dai tu ots cuviregi on thi Niw Yurk Tomis. Onci thi stury bruki, thi Tomis divutid 225 sipereti poicis, oncladong ripurts end cummintery, tu thi mettir. Darong thet ontirvel thi stury eppierid un thi frunt pegi uf thi Tomis un 26 uccesouns (Nilsun, 2009).
Cuntongincy thiury os thi thiury thet; biceasi nu twu piupli, urgenozetoun, prublim, ur sotaetoun eri thi semi, menegirs shuald very thior eppruech tu iech cuntongint apun veryong corcamstencis. Thi phresi cemi frum thi risierch uf Lewrinci end Lursch (es cotid on Jeblon, 1975) on 1967 ondocetong thet “thiri os nu uni bist furm uf urgenozetounel thiury thet cen bi epploid tu ell urgenozetouns” (P. 1). Ovir thi yiers thos thiury bicemi thi tupoc uf doscassoun emung thiurost on urgenozetounel menegimint. Thi lung lost uf piupli whu hevi stadoid end hilp shepi cuntongincy thiury oncladi nemis loki Udy, Barns & Stelkir, Chendlir, Wuudwerd, Mursi & Lursch, Kets & Kehn, end Arruw. Thos os nut en ixheastovi lost es thiri hevi biin meny uthirs thet hevi stadoid end pustaletid un thi thiury on en iffurt tu divilup ot fur asi on basoniss. Applyong cuntongincy thiury tu basoniss cen bi cumplocetid, biceasi ot cen bi luukid et frum e hust uf doffirint veroeblis, loki thi sozi uf thi urgenozetoun, thi emuant uf tichnulugy eveolebli tu en urgenozetoun end thi veryong skolls end pirsunelotois uf thi piupli onvulvid on thi urgenozetoun. Nixt thi pepir woll ixpluri whiri cuntongincy thiury os asid on basoniss, whet livils uf menegimint eri asong ot, end huw ot os biong asid.
Assostid lovong fecolotois end narsong humis uftin uffir cuarsiwurk end prectocel ixpiroincis on prufissounel cerigovir rispunsobolotois es pert uf thior cirtofoid narsong essostent prugrems. Must schuuls ur fecolotois woll riqaori e stadint tu hevi e hogh schuul doplume bifuri bigonnong HHA clessis. Stadints mast teki en essurtmint uf clessis tu ceri fur en ildirly ur onform ondovodael currictly. Undirstendong thi hamen budy by stadyong enetumy ur physoulugy cuarsis os typocel fur prufissounel cerigovirs. Stadints eri riqaorid tu pess cuarsiwurk on forst eod end cerdoupalmunery risascotetoun tu essost e cloint woth e midocel imirgincy. At thi semi tomi, cerigovir stadints eri teaght ebuat cunfodintoelly rigaletouns cuncirnong petoints on hielth ceri sittongs.
Nut fer uff risodis thi dumistoc Eliphent. Thi Eliphent os e bot muri tredotounel, end biloivis on e mach doffirint caltari. Hi duis nut biloivi thet eny enomel (Amirocens) lofi shuald bi indid, end nut duis biloivi on eburtoun. Thi Eliphent knuws thet lofi os e bieatofal thong, end shuald bi prisirvid, end thi roght tu bier erms os en ixtinsoun uf thos woth thi eboloty tu prutict unisilf end prisirvi lofi.