History Of cotton
Cotton has been grown in India for making clothing more than 200 years, and in certain other countries for several 100 years. Early European travelers return from southern Asia with seeing wool growing on trees. Early herbalists sometimes illustrate the cotton plants by drawings of sheep’s hanging from the branches of the trees. Apparently tree types of cotton were grown to a considerable extent at that time. Furthermore, a cotton plant growing as a perennial in the tropics can attain a size of a small tree .even today it is called as baumicolle (pre wool) by the generals Columbus found cotton growing in the West Indies. Cotton fabric probably 800 years old has been found in Indian ruins in Arizona. There probably are two general centers of origin of the cotton phase i.e. indo china and tropical Africa in the old world and south and central America in the new world. Separate origins are indicated by the consistently fertile hybrids have been obtained the 26 chromosome American cotton and the 13 chromosome Asiatic cotton.
Botanical description
Cotton belongs to the family malvaceae or mallow family. Upland cotton (gssypium hirsutum) fibers range from 1/2 to 1 inch or more in length and are of medium coarseness. The flowers are creamy white when they first open but they soon turn pink or red. The lint fibers adhere strangely to the seed. The bolls usually contain 4 or 5 locks. Cotton plant usually considered an annual although it is long lived perennial in the tropics where the mean temperature of the coldest months does not fall below 65°F. The plant is herbaceous.
Economic importance
Cotton is the major textile fiber used by man. Cotton was grown on more than 5 lacs farmers in 19 states in 1959 in USA. The world...
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...sallus seriatus)
Cotton aphid (aphis gossipy)
Whitefly
Army worm (helicoverpa armegera)
Diseases of cotton
Following are some important diseases of cotton worldwide.
Foot rot caused by fungus (phymatotrichum onicorum)
Fusarium wilt caused by fungus (fusarium oxysporium)
Verticillium wilt caused by soil inhebiting fungus (verticulium alboatrum) attacks on roots
Other is leaf blights, bacterial blights, leaf spots,
And some are seed-borne.
Harvesting
Cotton bolls are picked manually by hands after they mature. The fuzz is collected in a bag then seeds are separated and fiber is sent to reeling industries. Mechanical pickers are equipped with rotating steals spindles attached to revolving drum or moving bars, but this practice is not very common in Pakistan. The stripers are used as a mechanical harvester sometimes. There is a need for improving production technology.
Thompson, Jennifer. Cotton, Ronald. “Picking Cotton.” Ferris State University. Williams Auditorium, Big Rapids, MI. 15 April 2014. Guest Lecture.
The "technological retardist" theories are strongest in considering the erosion of "King Cotton` s" pre eminence, due in part to America` s competition and, the critics suggest, the British cotton manager` s lack of judgement. It is said that the slow adoption of the ring spindle in spinning, and the low uptake of the automatic loom in weaving seriously hampered those industries` competitive edge.
In the book, The Came Before Columbus by Ivan van Sertina, it was stated "The American cotton has an African ancestor" which explained how people traveled to survive based on cotton. This statement is the exact example why the study of plants is necessary, in reference to cotton. Is is important to know the plants origin to understand they type of environment the need to thrive in, and how the plant functions can help humans use the plant. Plants help with almost everything, we use them for our food, medicine, and cosmetics. As scientist are learning more about plants, the world can thrive more with the help of plants since some are essential to
The development of the most beneficial technology in the Old South that we all know as the cotton gin was developed by Yale graduate Eli Whitney in the year 1793. This took place shortly after his relocation from Massachusetts to Georgia when it was brought to his attention from his former manager that harvesting cotton was both time consuming and unbeneficial to plantation owners. As a result, he was then asked to develop a resolution for support; thus the cotton gin was born. This extraordinary machine had the ability to separate cotton from its seeds through hand cranking. The acquisition of the cotton gin was the fact that cotton evolved into the most economically beneficial crop in the Old South. This became the primary reason for the use of the slogan “King Cotton”.
Clothes, bandages, medical supplies, carpets, blankets, and many other common materials and supplies that we use daily are made from cotton. Hundreds of materials that we wear, sleep on, and walk on daily use cotton. Everyone in the world uses cotton in some way every day. Cotton contains very unique qualities which have made it into an extremely useful crop for hundreds of years all over the world. Cotton stands atop all charts as the most used fiber plant in every country. It held a very influential place in the economic system and influenced many world trade markets. Cotton known by its famous nickname of “King Cotton” in the U.S. was the driving factor behind the widespread and lucrative American slave trade in the Atlantic. Before and
...th a nearly challenging obstacle. They produced too little cotton to be able to cover the costs of shipping it to a processing plant, most likely in the North or England, their primary consumers. Within ten years, cotton became the main crop in the south. In 1790, before the invention of the cotton gin, about 3000 bales of cotton were produced in the United States. Ten years later 100000 thousands bales were produced.
Jennifer Thompson-Cannino was raped at knife point in her apartment. She was able to escape and identify Ronald Cotton as her attacker. The detective conducting the lineup told Jennifer that she had done great, confirming to her that she had chosen the right suspect. Eleven years later, DNA evidence proved that the man Jennifer Identified, Ronald Cotton was innocent and wrongfully convicted. Instead, Bobby Poole was the real perpetrator. Sadly, there are many other cases of erroneous convictions. Picking cotton is a must read for anybody because it educates readers about shortcomings of eyewitness identification, the police investigative process and the court system.
This bibliography about Samuel Slater describes his origins and how he ultimately became known as “the Father of the American textile industry.”
It is important to include cultural issues in the helping process to be more effective. We also need cultural competence because the U.S. is becoming more diverse. Therefore with diversity comes different beliefs, norms, and values. Eurocentric values dominate sciences and began cultural universals which puts the clash of dominate and non-dominate cultural behaviors in motion. In 1996 the NASW Code of Ethics increased the recognition of cultural competence. It is important to know diversity exist within ethnic and cultural groups because social workers need to know that relationships between helping professionals and clients may be strained. This happens because of the distrust between groups. Another important aspect is that the professional realizes their own values, biases, and beliefs. The reason for this is because they must value diversity to start with and understand the dynamics of difference. Culturally competent practitioners have to go through developmental process of using their own culture as a starting point to meet all behaviors. Striving for cultural competence is a long term process of development. The literature on cultural competence is theoretical and conceptual. They have not been evaluated in a systematic way. Roughly there are 2 million Native americans in the U.S. Which survive decimating disease, over-repressed in child welfare system, suffer from health problems, and are among the poorest people in the United States. Working with them clearly falls within the social work clearly mandate to serve vulnerable and oppressed clients. However, we do not know how many people from this group is actually receiving help from social workers. Even though it is important to train social workers to provide care in th...
Ulrich, Pamela Vadman. “Plain Goods”: Textile Production in Georgia, the Carolinas,and Alabama, 1880 to 1920 . Michigan: Bell and Howell Information Company, 1991.
"Forgiveness" and "racism" are two words that usually do not go together. Surprisingly enough Picking Cotton tells the story of how Jennifer Thompson and Ronald Cotton showed the upmost forgiveness for a wrongful conviction that in part was caused due to the racism. Racism was surely present in the South in the early 1900 's, but historically one does not think racism was a major issue in the 80 's. In one man 's opinion, Ronald Cotton, the Burlington police had racist views that contributed to him serving a life imprisonment for a crime he never committed. In 1984 when two white women were raped by a black man, race played a role in convicting the wrong black man in Burlington, North Carolina. Ronald Cotton was wrongfully convicted by racism
Smith, J. 2009. Making Cotton King. World Trade, July 1, 82. http://www.proquest.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/ (accessed January 6, 2010).
In the late 1700’s the slave population in the United States had decreased. Before the invention of the cotton gin the South, which could only make money by farming, was loosing money because it didn’t have a major crop to export to England and the North besides tobacco and rice. However, these crops could be grown elsewhere. Cotton was the key because it couldn’t be grown in large amounts in other places, but only one type of cotton that could be cleaned easily. This was long-staple cotton. Another problem arose; long-staple cotton only could be grown along the coast. There was another strain of cotton that until then could not be cleaned easily so it wasn’t worth growing. The cotton gin was the solution to this problem. With the invention of the cotton gin short stemmed cotton could be cleaned easily making cotton a valued export and it could be grown anywhere in the south. The era of the “Cotton Kingdom” began with this invention leading into an explosion in the necessity of slaves.
With the increase in cotton production, came the increase in slave labor, which was used to harvest the cotton crop, making each slave an increasingly valuable asset. Westward migration was also seen as cotton spread throughout western land like a wildfire. Almost immediately, cotton was transformed into a major export. ?Cotton exports averaged about $9 million annually from 1803 to 1807, about 22 percent of the value of all exports, from 1815 to 1819, they averaged over $23 million, or 39 percent of the total, and from the mid-1830s to 1860, they accounted for more than half the value of all exports in the nation.? (Tindall and Shi, 418)
Weaving is a common thread among cultures around the world. Weaving is a way of producing cloth or textile. Today we have machines that weave large-scale textiles at cheap prices. Production of cloth by hand is rarely engaged in today’s Westernized societies. Not many people are thinking about how the fibers are actually constructed to make their clothes. However, in other cultures across the world the tradition of weaving still exists. By comparing three cultures that continue weaving as a part of their tradition we can see similarities and the differences between them. The reasons that each culture still weaves vary, as do the methods and materials. The desired characteristics of the cloth also vary around the world as each culture values different aesthetics.