Literature Review
Null hypothesis: There exists no correlation between receiving a diagnosis of cancer and being either Hispanic or Latino. Alternative hypothesis: There exists a correlation between having a cancer diagnosis and being either Hispanic or Latino. Dependent variable: cancer diagnosis. Independent variable: Hispanic or Latino. My hypothesis seeks to establish that there is no direct correlation between being Hispanic/Latino and receiving a cancer diagnosis. I believe that it is not a direct causation of being Hispanic/Latino that leads individuals to developing cancer. There must be other factors that influence the development of cancer in Hispanic/Latino communities when compared to other groups. An article in the Texas Public Health Journal concurs with the fact that Hispanics are at an “elevated risk for cancer” (2013). According to this article the increased diagnoses among Hispanics and Latinos in Texas has more to do with low education, poverty and lack of health insurance. Inclusively, it specifies that liver and stomach cancer has the highest rates among Hispanic men and women while cancer of the cervix was near 50% higher in women (2013). Relating back to poverty is the idea that with poverty there is limited resources to proper health care. Cancer screenings are part of proper health care- the more an individual is unable to access this resource, the higher the probability of developing cancer and late detection. In relation to cancer risks in Latinos/Hispanics a different article states that “it [cancer] is the leading cause of death overall in Latinos and breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among Latinas” (Ramirez et al, 2014). The article states that a possible reason as to why the...
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... Women International, 28(10), 930-950. doi:10.1080/07399330701615358
Jimenez, E. A., Xie, Y., Goldsteen, K., & Chalas, E. (2011). Promoting Knowledge of Cancer Prevention and Screening in an Underserved Hispanic Women Population: A Culturally Sensitive Education Program. Health Promotion Practice, 12(5), 689-695. doi:10.1177/1524839910364370
Primeau, S., Freund, K., Ramachandran, A., Bak, S., Heeren, T., Chen, C., & ... Battaglia, T. (2014). Social Service Barriers Delay Care Among Women with Abnormal Cancer Screening. JGIM: Journal Of General Internal Medicine, 29(1), 169-175. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2615-x
Ramirez, A., Perez-Stable, E., Penedo, F., Talavera, G., Carrillo, J., Fernández, M., & ... Gallion, K. (2014). Reducing time-to-treatment in underserved Latinas with breast cancer: The Six Cities Study. Cancer (0008543X), 120(5), 752-760. doi:10.1002/cncr.28450
Colorectal cancer, or CRC, affects African American men and women more than Caucasians, at a rate 20% higher. This is concerning when faced with the mortality rates among African Americans, 28% higher for women and 14% higher for men than for Whites. African Americans are also more likely to be in later stages of the disease when diagnosed. There is a need to study and evaluate why these factors exist, as proper screening and early diagnosis can severely impact survival rates for CRC. One study attempts to find the solution through testing, however, this study slightly discredits itself along the way.
Perez, M. A. & Luquis, R.R. (2009). Cultural competence in health education and health promotion. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA.
Diabetes is a prevalent health disparity among the Latino population. Diabetes is listed as the fifth leading cause of death among the Latino population in the website for Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, in 2009. According to McBean, “the 2001 prevalence among Hispanics was significantly higher than among blacks.” (2317) In other words among the Hispanic or Latino community, there is a higher occurrence of diabetes as compared to other racial/ethnic groups such as Blacks and Native Americans. The prevalence of diabetes among Latinos is attributed to the social determinants of health such as low socioeconomic status and level of education. Further, this becomes an important public health issue when it costs the United States $174 billion in both direct and indirect costs, based on the 2007 The National Diabetes Fact Sheet released by the CDC. In turn, medical expenses are twice as high for a patient that has diabetes as opposed to one without. Finally, this high cost becomes another barrier to receiving care for Latinos when some are in the low socioeconomic status.
...in to treat African American women as a whole instead of patient X, then there will be a change in the rate of deaths among African American women with breast cancer. However, these women must also decide to trust those providers and receive pre-screenings in order to be proactive about their own health, and the government needs to actively provide affordable ways for women to receive these screenings. There is plenty of evidence available that shows the problems with African American women dying from breast cancer, so people must be educated and aware of the problem in order to bring about a change in society. As Louis Giglio once said, “awareness brings about action, and action brings about change,” and hopefully, people will use this information to bring about awareness to ripple into change for African American women aged 40-80 especially regarding breast cancer.
Linderman, Robert, Charles Mouton, and Melissa Talamantes. "Health and Health Care of Hispanic/Latino American." Stanford University. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. .
The fathers and husbands of Hispanic families are more likely to stop their children from going to the doctor until the very last minute and are more likely themselves to not do anything until they get so sick they must go to the M., Feinglass, J., & Simon, M. A. (2013). Pregnancy Intention and Use of Contraception Among Hispanic Women in the United States: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, 2006-2010. Journal Of Women 's Health (15409996), 22(10), 862-870 Mann, J. R., Mannan, J., Quiñones, L. A., Palmer, A. A., & Torres, M. (2010). Religion, Spirituality, Social Support, and Perceived Stress in Pregnant and Postpartum Hispanic Women Mann, J. R., Mannan J., Quiñones, L. A., Palmer, A. A., and Torres, M. Religion, Spirituality, Social Support, and Perceived Stress in.. JOGNN: Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39(6), 645-657. Schoulte, J. C. (2011).
Zenka, D. (2012, October 05). African Americans: At Higher Risk for Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF). Retrieved May 25, 2016
The Information gathered in 2012 from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies concluded that cervical cancer, “... used to be the leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States” (“Cervical Cancer Statistics”). But these statistics have gone down significantly in the past forty years because Planned Parenthood facilities provide to women pap smears to detect cell changes before the cancer develops. On the other hand, Planned Parenthood does not directly provide mammograms for women, their doctors and nurses “... teach patients about breast care, [and] connect patients to resources to help them get mammograms” ("Breast Cancer Screenings"). The important health care work done by the Planned Parenthood Clinics is, at times, over sought and even forgotten when the organization is embroiled in controversy as it finds itself in
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer health disparities are defined as the adverse differences between specific populations and the achievement of an optimal state of health. These population groups are categorized by geographic location, income, disability, age, education, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or race. These factors correlate with cancer mortality rates that impact specific population groups in the United States, cancer prevalence is the number of people diagnosed or living with cancer, and cancer incidence which is the number of new cancer cases in a population. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2013, there were an estimated 1,660,290 new cases of cancer and 580,350 of the new cases resulted in mortality. Individuals who have limited access to healthcare, health illiterate, and poverty stricken are more likely to develop cancer. This means a person’s socioeconomic status can determine the likelihood of their probability of developing cancer
Health Promotion Among the Hispanic Minority Health is determined in the nation by the minority health. " Approximately 36 percent of the population belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group" (CDC, 2015).One of these are the "Hispanics or Latinos are the largest racial/ethnic minority population in the United States" (CDC, 2015). "About 1 in 6 people living in the US are Hispanic" (CDC, 2015). Therefore, this student will make the comparison between the status of the health of the Hispanic minority and the nations barriers to health seeking behaviors This paper will compare the health status of the Hispanic minority with the nations, barriers to health seeking behaviors, and methods of promoting health among this population. Status of Health Among Hispanic Minorities "Heart disease and cancer in Hispanics are the two leading causes of death, accounting for about 2 of 5 deaths, which is about the same for whites" (CDC, 2015).
Millions of Americans are living with hypertension. Collaboration of patients and providers to control the disease can help prevent life-threatening illnesses. Patient perceptions pertaining to an illness or disease can dictate one’s health behaviors, yet little attention has been directed toward the perceptions of Mexican American adults in relation to hypertension. Although hypertension is most prevalent among African Americans, Hispanics have higher rates of mortality due to poverty, cultural barriers, and customs affecting modifiable risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Without the proper treatment, many hypertensive patients may face devastating complications, including myocardial infarction, kidney failure, and blindness.
As a result of the importance placed on preventive services there is no shortage of studies examining preventive service utilization among various groups. Many studies have examined the factors affecting preventive service use with the most important including age5,6, race/ethnicity7-10, marital status11, and income. 6-8,11-13 The literature has documented disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status in use of preventive services and shown that minorities are generally not as likely as Whites to receive services such as blood pressure checks, cervical cancer screening, and blood cholesterol screening. 14 Other studies have looked at the effects of education 9,15,16, usual source of care 15, and insurance 17-20 on the utilization of preventive services. While still other studies have sought to explore the role of health status 15, health beliefs 19, region of United States and whether a person lives in an urban or rural environment. 8
The diversity among the U.S. population is very large and continue to grow, especially the Hispanic group. More so, health promotion can be defined or perceived in many ways depends on the minority group and their culture beliefs. As health care provider, recognizing and providing cultural competent is very important. In addition, assessing the health disparities among the minority group and teaching them how to promote good health will benefit along the way. Furthermore, health care providers have the role to promote good health but without proper education and acknowledge cultural awareness will be impossible to accomplish.
Williams, D. R., & Jackson, P. B. (2005). Social sources of racial disparities in health. Health Affairs, 24(2), 325-334. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.325
The East Pennsboro elementary school raised money for a statue at a local park. The statue was a ring of children that were holding hands. There was one child missing; the link was broken. The statue was dedicated to East Pennsboro students that did not make it to their graduation. My sophomore year of high school inspired this piece of artwork.