During the last century Copenhagen has seen major changes in the physical construct of the city but who was involved and what changes have occurred? When did these changes occur? Where were the main areas of development? Why was this change needed? And also, was it a successful development? Main case studies for this discussion include Copenhagen’s post-war master plan for it’s city looking at how it seamless integrated its transport systems, pedestrian walkways and businesses along with housing and zooming in further to the Ørestad district and its development which includes various architecture projects by practices such as BIG. By beginning to find answers to these questions through different sources and analysing them not only through words but also by illustrations and diagrams, an understanding of Copenhagen’s development can be begun to be made. Before these questions can be answered a step back should be made reflecting Copenhagen’s history.
Copenhagen’s history, along with Denmark’s, leading up to the early 1900’s was in some ways similar to other european countries in terms of being conquered “1807 Bombing of Copenhagen by the English navy” (Denmark.dk, 2014) and conquering “1666-1917 Danish colonies in Caribbean” (Denmark.dk, 2014). Up until the 1800’s the layout and land use of Copenhagen wasn’t really as vast as other european cities of the time.
As we can see in Fig.1 (sa.dk, 2014) & Fig.2 (Oldmapsofparis.com, 2014), compared to the development which occurred over in Paris, Copenhagen’s expansion and growth was at a slower pace. This could be due to specific events which happened during this era in history. At the end of the 1700s and leading up to the 1800s Copenhagen experienced devastating fires caused a lot ...
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Orestad.dk. 2014. [online] Available at: http://www.orestad.dk/en/Fakta/~/media/Orestad/pdf/Copenhagen-Growing_web.ashx [Accessed: 6 Jan 2014].
Rohde, M. 2014. Copenhagen - metrobits.org. [online] Available at: http://mic-ro.com/metro/metrocity.html?city=Copenhagen [Accessed: 6 Jan 2014].
Sa.dk. 2014. The Danish State Archives. [online] Available at: http://www.sa.dk/content/us/ [Accessed: 5 Jan 2014].
Upload.wikimedia.org. 2014. [online] Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Map_of_Copenhagen_1800.jpg [Accessed: 3 Jan 2014].
Vendena, G. 2011. DR Byen (DR City) - Buildipedia. [online] Available at: http://buildipedia.com/aec-pros/featured-architecture/dr-byen-dr-city [Accessed: 6 Jan 2014].
Visitcopenhagen. 2014. Copenhagen tourist. [online] Available at: http://www.visitcopenhagen.com/copenhagen-tourist [Accessed: 6 Jan 2014].
called the New Paris, or the modern capital of Europe. The streets , buildings and the services
According to Park Dixon Goist (1977). “city Planning emerged as a movement and then a profession in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century“ which was formed by a number of related interests such as included landscape architects, architects, progressive politics, housing reform, the city beautiful movement, the Garden city or the new towns idea, regionalism and zoning. (Goist, 1977, page 121). The idea of city planning therefore emerged at the time when the industrial revolution was at its peak and people were flocking from the villages into cities for better jobs and pay. This was the time when the Chicago Exposition had just hit the exhibition forum and the Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard and others were in competition.
“Most railroad tracks were not damaged. This allowed shipments of aid to come in from across the country and around the world.” (10) This would be a critical factor in accelerating efforts to rebuild the city. New construction of neighborhoods and businesses created thousands of jobs for unemployed workers. By October 1872, new buildings worth nearly $50 million had been erected. Between 1872 and 1879 more than ten thousand construction permits were issued. Between 1871 and 1891 amount $316,220,000 was poured into the construction of new buildings. (9) Architects began designing the world’s first skyscrapers. Construction codes and fire codes were no longer ignored. The destruction from the fire opened up a broad expanse of land to build on. “To a huge degree, the design and layout of the city of Chicago and the character of the buildings are a result of the Chicago Fire,” he says. “If the fire hadn’t happened, it would look a lot different.”(6) In less than 20 years after the fire, Chicago became a major economic and transportation hub. All of these factors attracted more and more people to the city of Chicago. Before the fire, approximately 324,000 people lived there. During the next ten years after the fire, 500,000 people lived there. By 1890, 19 years later, more than one million people lived in
The lure of the city had one drawback, it attracted so many people that soon the cities became vastly overcrow...
During the last half of the 1800’s and the early part of the 1900’s urban population in western Europe made enormous increases. During this period France’s overall population living in cities increased twenty percent, and in Germany the increase was almost thirty percent. This great flow of people into cities created many problems in resource demands and patterns of urban life. These demands created a revolution in sanitation and medicine. Part of this revolution was the redesigning of cities. G.E. Baron Von Haussmann was the genius behind the new plans for the city of Paris.
However, the success of the building schemes relied on the construction methods and innovations that are now attributed as bei...
The furnishings and housewares that emerged from twentieth-century Scandinavia particularly out of Denmark had an enormous impact on modernist design. "The Danes are a culturally hospitable people, and—living in a cold climate with many short, daric days—they have always put a premium on having a beautiful home. (Gregory Cerio). Denmark’s furniture took a different route and it began to advance in regards to quality and appearance. This change took place during the early years of the nineteenth century, which was titled the “Golden Age”. The idea in the Danish golden age was a life in which justice prevailed, as in the golden age of antiquity, although in fact it was not a harmonious period in the country's history (Gelfer-Jørgensen, Mirjam). Well now that there is an understanding of what the home life is like, what is culture like? Of course, once the system of the Danish evolved to that of parliamentary, there became a growing interest in pedagogical branded schooling. This eventually led to a more comprehensive form of schooling for the entire population (Buchardt, Mette). Copenhagen is quite prosperous and fares well in the globalized economy but is at the same time experiencing increasing poverty and ethnic segregation. differences in income have increased spatial segregation in Copenhagen in terms of housing and education
James F. O'Gorman, Dennis E. McGrath. ABC of Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. Document. October 2013.
Cities grew simply because that’s where the jobs were. Poor immigrates settled into cites looking for work and often took low end factory jobs to get by. Between 1840 and 1860 4.2 million immigrates moved to the United States, mostly Irish and Germans (Lecture 11). The Irish, who were fleeing the great famine, came to America looking for a new start (Lecture 11). Arriving with little money and no skills, outside of agriculture skills, had to take low paying factory jobs and live in the slums (Lecture 11). The Irish took jobs native American didn’t want like building the railroad and canals, common laborers, servants, longshoremen and factory operators (Give Me Liberty 335). While the Germans who were fleeing political upheaval, arrived with a little more money in their pockets were able to buy land and start their own business (Lecture 11). They established themselves as craftsmen, shop keepers, and farmers and lived in tight knit communities in eastern cities (Give Me Liberty
In order to create innovative public architecture, considered to be the most civic, costly, time intensive and physical of the arts, the project holds a degree of risk, strife, and negotiation . Overcoming these tasks and creating worthy public architecture is a challenge designers try to accomplish, but are rarely successful. The people involved in a potential public building, can be larger than the building itself. Public architecture tries to please all, even the doubters and critics, but because of the all these factors, a building is closer to failing than succeeding.
A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from approximately 400 millions people in 1950 to approximately 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double...
There have been many significant movements throughout urban planning history which have influenced the way that planning theory is shaped and thought. Combined Modernist and Neoliberal planning theories have influenced the erection of a vast amount of planning project that have left an imprint on the way that urban planning is practiced today. In this paper, I will begin by describing the components of modernist and neoliberal planning practices. Then, I will outline a brief history of the project and explain how the Los Angeles South Central Farm was influenced by both modernist and neoliberal planning theories. Lastly, I will analyze this project through two different critical perspectives, neo-Marxism and critical race planning. These critical perspectives will enable us to understand the planning practices that were implemented in this project and will helps us explain the planning theories achievements and failures in this case study.
... architectures would led to a more organic organization beneficial to the people that choose to make their lives in this city. Although this model of a sustainable city is not a perfectly closed loop, it lays the foundation for one that is. Over time, with constantly evolving and improving technology and new methods of design from the scale of products to buildings, the gaps in the loop could be closed, and a “true” sustainable city could be fully realized.
The book as a description of modern architecture, its styles and influence succeeds but falls short as a prescriptive methodology. His work is still recalled for the need by modernists to categorize everything into neat little boxes, not necessarily for the sake of uniformity, but for sake of some ambiguity. The ambiguity may be the triumph of this book as post modern architecture era is supposed to create more questions than the answers.
Curtis, W J. "12. The Ideal Community: Alternatives to the Industrial City." In Modern architecture since 1900, 159-173. London: Phaidon, 1996.