1.Convertible Debt
Companies have to ways in raising money and financing their plans: issue debt or equity. Debt comes in the form of loans and equity in the form of shares. There is a wide range of methods for both ways, with different instruments and multiple options. In this study we will focus on debt and especially in convertible debt. A convertible debt is a loan that can convert to equity under certain circumstances, usually at the holder's discretion.
A convertible debt is usually issued in the form of convertible bonds, which is similar (but not the same) to a bond with warrants. A warrant is a certificate, usually issued along with a bond or preferred stock, entitling the holder to buy a specific amount of securities at a specific price, (usually above the current market price at the time of issuance), for an extended period, anywhere from a few years to forever. A bond is a certificate of debt that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money with a promise to pay a specified sum of money at a fixed time in the future and carrying interest at a fixed rate. So, a convertible bond is a bond with warrants with the only difference that the latter can be separated into different securities whereas a convertible bond can’t. A convertible bond gives the holder the right to exchange it for a given number of shares of stock anytime up to and including the maturity date of the bond (Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, Corporate Finance).
Convertible bonds are hybrid instruments: they are never as good as bonds when yields fall and they never perform as well as stocks in a bull market , but they always deliver better returns than the mix of the two(Ahmed Talhaoui, Incisive Media Investments Ltd. 2005). From an issuer point of view, they look interesting as they are cheap (the coupon is usually lower than for conventional bonds) and it is a way of selling stock at a premium (as at issue, the conversion option is out of the money). Convertibility is usually added as a deal sweetener in bonds to attract investors.
For the lender a convertible debt creates a win-win situation. If the company is a success, the lender gets to participate as an equity investor. If the company does badly and can't foresee any exit opportunity, the lender can still call for repayment of the loan at the end of the term.
These ratios can be used to determine the most desirable company to grant a loan to between Wendy’s and Bob Evans. Wendy’s has a debt to assets ratio of 34.93% while Bob Evans is 43.68%. When it comes to debt to asset ratios, the company with the lower percentage has the lowest risk. Therefore, Wendy’s is more desirable than Bob Evans. In the area of debt to equity ratios, Wendy’s comes in at 84.31% while Bob Evans comes in at 118.71%. Like debt to assets, a low debt to equity ratio indicates less risk in a company. Again, Wendy’s is the less risky company. Finally, Wendy’s has a times interest earned ratio of 4.86 while Bob Evans owns a 3.78. Unlike the previous two ratios, times interest earned ratio is measured on a scale of 1 to 5. The closer the ratio is to 5, the less risky a company is. From the view of a banker, any ratio over 2.5 is an acceptable risk. Both companies are an acceptable risk, however, Wendy’s is once again more desirable. Based on these findings, Wendy’s is the better choice for banks to loan money to because of the lower level of
Net working capital represents organization’s operating liquidity. In order to compute the net working capital, total current assets are divided from total current liabilities. When there is sufficient excess of current assets over current liabilities, an organization might be considered sufficiently liquid. Another ratio that helps in assessing the operating liquidity of as company is a current ratio. The ratio is calculated by dividing the total current assets over total current liabilities. When the current ratio is high, the organization has enough of current assets to pay for the liabilities. Yet, another mean of calculating the organization’s debt-paying ability is the debt ratio. To calculate the ratio, total liabilities are divided by total assets. The computation gives information on what proportion of organization’s assets is financed by a debt, and what is the entity’s ability to pay for current and long term liabilities. Lower debt ratio is better, because the low liabilities require low debt payments. To be able to lend money, an organization’s current ratio has to fall above a certain level, also the debt ratio cannot rise above a certain threshold. Otherwise, the entity will not be able to lend money or will have to pay high penalties. The following steps can be undertaken by a company to keep the debt ratio within normal
In SIVMED’s case, based on the definition of WACC, all capital bases should be included in its WACC. These include its common stock, preferred stock, bonds and long-term borrowings. In addition to being able to compute for the costs of capital, the WACC also determines how much interest SIVMED has to pay for all its activities. The value of the firm’s stock, which we want to maximize, depends of the after-tax cash flow. Hence, after-tax values for WACC are also needed. Furthermore, cost of capital is used to determine the cost of each debt, stock or common equity. Being able to analyze these will be essential into deciding what and how new capital should be acquired. Hence, the present marginal costs are ideally more essential than historical costs.
Jen, F, Choi, D, and Lee, S. (1997). Some Evidence on Why Companies Use Convertible Bonds. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance. Retrieved on June 12, 2006 from the World Wide Web at: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6622.1997.tb00124.x.
However, financial situation of the firm plays a very important role in the decision of the bondholder and this company has been one of the most profitable companies America in terms of ROE, ROA ad gross profit margin. Apart from decrease in earnings and cash flow in 1997, UST had continuous increases in sales (10-year compound annual growth rate of 9%), earnings (11%) and cash flow (12%). They are generating their cash flows out of the operations. Thanks to their premium pricing, they are achieving more than average gross profit margin. So, over the years UST's revenues are stable and positive, and generally its statements are positive. The company does not have any problems with its cash flow.
The consistent high spending of capital equipment is the first reason why one would recommend reducing the debt to equity ratio. A company with higher levels of debt is less flexible in being able to adjust to new market demands and conditions that require the company to make new products or respond to competition. Looking at the pecking order of financing, issuing new shares to fund capital investing is the last resort and a company that has high levels of debt, must move to the equity side to avoid the risk of bankruptcy. Defaulting on loans occur when increased costs or bad economic conditions lead the firm to have lower net income than the payments on loans. The risk of defaulting on loans and the direct and indirect cost related to defaulting lead firms to prefer lower levels of debt. The financial distress caused by additional leverage can lead to lower cash flows available to all investors, lower than if the firm was financed by equity only. Additionally, the high debt ratio that Du Pont incurred also led to them dropping from a AAA bond rating to a AA bond Rating. Although the likelihood of not being able to acquire loans would be minimal, there are increased interest costs with having a lower bond rating. The lower bond rating signals to investors that the firm is more likely to default than if it had a higher (AAA) bond rating.
There is no universal theory of the debt-equity choice, and no reason to expect one. In this essay I will critically assess the Pecking Order Theory of capital structure with reference and comparison of publicly listed companies. The pecking order theory says that the firm will borrow, rather than issuing equity, when internal cash flow is not sufficient to fund capital expenditures. This theory explains why firms prefer internal rather than external financing which is due to adverse selection, asymmetry of information, and agency costs (Frank & Goyal, 2003). The trade-off theory comes from the pecking order theory it is an unintentional outcome of companies following the pecking-order theory. This explains that firms strive to achieve an optimal capital structure by using a mixture debt and equity known to act as an advantage leverage. Modigliani and Miller (1958) showed that the decisions firms make when choosing between debt and equity financing has no material effects on the value of the firm or on the cost or availability of capital. They assumed perfect and frictionless capital markets, in which financial innovation would quickly extinguish any deviation from their predicted equilibrium.
“We the People” have begun to lose all personal financial endeavors, and furthermore being restrained to fiscal policies that are potentially devastating to America's future. Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, quoted regarding his bold disapproval of monetizing debt, “The Federal Reserve will not monetize the debt, either cuts in spending or increases in taxes will be necessary to stabilize the fiscal situation” (Hill 1). Monetizing debt is defined by the selling of national debt to primary buyers in the form of a Treasury bill or bond. In laymen's terms, primary buyers, both foreign and domestic, are purchasing bonds from our government to liquidate our national deficit. In a new age of federal policies, official's statements can likely be discredited or influentially changed due to the varying opinions on the Federal Reserve's performance. People must be more skeptical on key federal policies in the United States due to the current recessive state of our economy plundering potentially into disastrous levels. Monetizing debt is technically legal; however it becomes an issue of morality by the specifics to which it is being conducted. The constantly growing power of federal influence on markets, specifically the selling of national securities with the purpose of debt liquidation, not only defies the ideals of a free market economy, but it also has the tendency to suppress the tax payer's financial interests.
Having a low P/E ratio with respect to the rest of the market, and the replacement cost of the firm being greater than its book value (argument 3), there is a good chance that the current stock price and the proposed offering price are too low. Although long-term debt is a better financing choice, a few of the drawbacks are pointed out. Debt holders claim profit before equity. holders, so the chances that profits may be lower than expected. increases risk to equity, may reduce or impede stock value. However, the snares are still a bit snare.
Evaluating a company’s financial condition can be done by looking at its profitability or its ability to satisfy long-term commitments. These measures can be viewed through an analysis of a company’s financial statements, including the balance sheet and income statement. This paper will look at the status of Scholastic Company’s (Scholastic) ability to satisfy its long-term commitments and at the profitability of Daktronics, Inc. (Daktronics). This paper will include various financial ratio calculations and an analysis of the notable trends. It will also discuss the profitability and long-term borrowing positions of the firms discussed.
Thesis: Businesses deem financing necessary when they are just beginning, expanding, or recovering; Debt financing and equity financing have many advantages and disadvantages but also change the entire accounting method that is to be considered while running the business. Debt financing has both advantages and disadvantages. Debt financing is a business’ way to start up, expand, or recover by borrowing money from a person or company. The money borrowed has to be paid back along with the interest that was accrued during the length of time the loan was carried out. This option is great for company’s that do not want investors.
A stock is a share of a public corporation that is traded in the open market. It is how a corporation raises its’ capital to expand their business and ability to produce goods or services. There are two types of stock: common and preferred stocks. The difference is how an investor receives a dividend. Both stocks give a person a piece of ownership of a corporation with the hope that there is a return on their investment.
A key benefit of equity financing is that the company will not be debt repayments. This is beneficial...
As long as the Borrower is not in default of payments, Borrower may pay the outstanding balance owed on the Note to the Lender without penalty or further bonus
The capital structure of a firm is the way in which it decides to finance its operations from various funds, comprising debt, such as bonds and outstanding loans, and equity, including stock and retained earnings. In the long term, firms seek to find the optimal debt-equity ratio. This essay will explore the advantages and disadvantages of different capital structure mixes, and consider whether this has any relevance to firm value in theory and in reality.