Footing system is typically the launching pad for the building construction process which commences after site establishment activities are completed. It is the fundamental basis for the structure that establishes a safe and strong deck to support all other building works on top of it. The structural and geotechnical engineers must make analysis on the ground soils, settlement and building load before they decide whichever footing is required. The importance of this process is very often understated. If footings are not installed properly, then a crooked stick will end up with a crooked shadow.
The type and size of the footing is dependent on the area of the building site and the type of structure placed upon which could vary from place to place. These footings serve as a fulcrum to balance and transfer the weight of the structure through the weaker layers of soil to the stronger layers of subsoil in order to achieve a greater stability. For the Grocon’s 480 Queen Street project, engineers has decided and agreed upon to use bored piers and capping beams.
While site works need to be processed for the footing installation, it is essential to consider the planning and design of the footings. The essential first step is to dial before you dig to have all the underground utilities located so that directional drilling will not pierce through the subterranean pipes and cables. Secondly, a soil investigation report is required for engineers to classify the underlying foundation with different characteristic and quality in order to design footings that suits particular types of soils. Furthermore, consider the building loads that will impart from the columns, cranes or heavy storage loads to the footings, and design it to withstand thes...
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...olves digging up a trench to a depth that equates to the pilings cut off level, and the width of the trench should be excavated to suit the beams width. Then the capping beam is entrenched and laid on top of the piers which work to transfer the load from columns or walls to the evenly spaced piers.
Capping beams should be designed to have a proper measure of strength and rigidity in order to balance moments and rotational deflection caused by columns it served upon. It is a rigid element that aims to contemplate differential moments, vertical loads and horizontal loads coming to the pier systems without problematic effects of shearing and bending caused by horizontal moment and forces. On procession of this, the faces of the trench will be covered and protected by sheets of plywood, and leanmix concrete are placed between precast units to embrace them in position.
According to Suspension bridges: Concepts and various innovative techniques of structural evaluation, “During the past 200 years, suspension bridges have been at the forefront in all aspects of structural engineering” (“Suspension”). This statement shows that suspension bridges have been used for over 200 years, and that people are still using them today because they are structurally better bridges. This paper shows four arguments on the advantages of suspension bridges, and why you should use one when building a bridge. When deciding on building a suspension bridge, it has many advantages such as; its lightness, ability to span over a long distance, easy construction, cost effective, easy to maintain, less risk
counterweight is hoisted up as high as possible it has lots and lots of potential
[4] Muni Budhu. Soil Mechanics and Foundations 3rd Edition and Foundations and Earth Retaining Structures (Combined book made for UBC). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2011.
There are two types of aggregate piers: Rammed Aggregate Piers and Vibrated Aggregate Piers (vibro stone columns).
The 1.78 mile western span of the bridge between San Francisco and Yerba Buena Island presented the first obstacle. The bay was up to 100 feet deep in some places and required a new foundation-laying technique. Engineers developed a type of foundation called a pneumatic caisson to support the western section. A series of concrete cylinders were grouped together and then capped-off, having the air pressure of each cylinder identical to balance the beginning of the structure. From there, the workers added sets of new cylinders until the caisson reached the bottom of the bay. Then, in order to reach the bedrock, they inserted long drills down the cylinders, digging until they reached bedrock. After the caisson was balanced at the bottom of the bay, workers filled it with 1 million cubic yards of concrete, more concrete than was used for the construction of the Empire State Building! This caisson connected the two suspension bridges that make up the western part of the bridge.
integrity by using a flared foothold, or pier, and the terrain to anchor each end of the span. It was
The three most basic types of bridge structures are girder bridges, arch bridges, and suspension bridges (“Bridge Technology,” 2007). The girder structure consists of a chain of beams that are interconnected and supported vertically through the use of well allocated piers. The arch structure utilizes curved elements to disperse the applied forces downwards into end abutments. Finally, the suspension structure exploits the superior tensile strength of steel cables in order to help carry the massive loads applied to the bridge. While some bridges are built basic in structure, others are made through a combination of the structural forms mentioned above (“Bridges,” 2008).
Figure 3 11. BBS of a Beam Bar Bending Schedule of Columns The column’s reinforcement are not particularly similar on all floors, therefore all columns were studied floor wise. The columns are also divided in two phases per floor, similar to that of beams. The values derived from the STAAD.Pro results re percentage of steel and stirrup spacing.
Bachmann, H., & Steinle, A. (2011). Precast concrete structures / Hubert Bachmann, Alfred Steinle. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, c2011.
I have completed Bsc (Hons) Construction management at the University of West London, and I would now like to further my career by studying MSC Project enterprise and management at UCL. I have made this decision after understanding that this course will enable me to develop a broad understating of construction management of large and complex projects and increase my commercial awareness of these projects. I also expect this course to be taught with both academic rigour and place consistent emphasis on practical application of what I learn to construction environment. After working in construction for industry for almost 2 years, and studying a bachelor’s degree I feel I am more than capable of completing Msc Project Entriprise with success as I have already experienced the rigors & dynamics of university education.
The physical side and the financial side have to work in a open exchange of information. The synergy of this project before it ever starts construction must come from the cooperation and adjustments made by both sides to create the best development. The physical side must take into account several things with the environmental sector. How can this site be used? What amenities or attractions can I draw from the existing environment? How can I improve the existing environment to create a more valuable development? The urban linkage must take into consideration how they are going to create their link to the surrounding environment and/or city.
The driving force, due to the weight of the soil, tends to move the soil mass down slope. The resisting force, due to the strength of the soil along the base of the soil mass, or “slip surface,” tends to hold the soil mass in place. If the driving force is greater than the resisting force, the soil mass will slide along the slip surface and a slope stability failure will occur. The potential for failure for a given soil mass is quantified in terms of the Factor of Safety, which is defined as the resisting force divided by the driving force. If the Factor of Safety is greater than 1.0, the soil mass will not
Moreover, if the width of the house no more than 400 cm, it is not necessary structure horses. Two floor structure may also use the multiplex frame structure with a floor that can be coated with a thin cement-cast ceramic coatings. Thus the floor structure is lighter than concrete floors, columns and beams so that the buffer can be much smaller. The distance between the first floor to the second floor is actually quite around 250 cm, provided that sufficient natural ventilation openings and to measure the space. Thus the cost of the wall, the structure of the column, and the ladder can save quite a lot. Effective placement of spaces in the house needs to be designed as efficiently as possible so that there are no spaces unused and circulation pathways in the house become shorter.
The next step is to have the land surveyed. When the land is surveyed you will find out where the property lines are located and also get the footer laid out and ready to dig. After the footing is prepared and poured full of concrete, the next step is to lay the foundation. Materials used are usually brick or block. The foundation has to meet certain codes which are set by the county. The inspector will have to inspect the foundation before the building process can proceed. After the foundation has passed inspection, the next step for the house is to frame.
Geological investigation is the first step towards the completion of a building and is considered as the most important step as it identifies the feasibility of an area for construction and determines how the foundations and preventive measures are set up for the building. According to Sadhi (2012), one-third of the construction projects are delayed and half of the over-tender cost on road projects are due to inadequate geological investigation or poor interpretation of the data. According to Ferrer Geological Consulting (n.d.), geological investigation is mandatory to ensure an adequate design of maximum safety concern and optimum economic benefit to be made and saving on the geological investigation budget is proven to be false economy. The process of geological investigation involves conducting a desk study and reconnaissance of the proposed site, conducting a preliminary site investigation, preparing a detailed site investigation plan, carrying out a detailed site investigation and preparing a soil exploration report (Mailvaganam, 1995). After the preliminary geological investigation, the next step is to prepare a detailed geological investigation plan with the data obtained from the preliminary site investigation (Bennison, Oliver & Moseley, 2011).