Congres The Two Reconstruction Case Study
analytical Essay
998 words
The presidency of Andrew Johnson in 1965 after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln brought forth a new plan for Reconstruction, which followed a firm mindset of states having their own rights. President Johnson firmly opposed land reform and he also wanted to pardon all rebels . During Reconstruction, with President Johnson running the country, the land that was won by the Union Army and given to the newly freed slaves, was forced back to its owner’s pre Civil War . President Johnson showed obvious signs of bias towards the Southern States to rebuild their economies however which way they pleased, as long as they followed the thirteenth amendment put in place. The southern states were then ignited to create and adopt what they called, “Black Codes”. The incentives behind these newly enacted laws were to prevent the newly freed slaves from completing certain achievements and making sure that they were available for hire in certain labor industries. …show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the presidency of andrew johnson in 1965 brought forth a new plan for reconstruction, which followed the firm mindset of states having their own rights.
- Explains how the southern states created and adopted "black codes" to prevent newly freed slaves from completing certain achievements and making sure that they were available for hire in certain labor industries.
- Explains that the reconstruction act passed in 1867 allowed for military to go into south and outlined how the state governments were to be organized to bring equality to both the north and south
- Explains that the supreme court played a large role in concluding the first reconstruction. the u.s. v. cruikshank case in 1873 was detrimental to elongating it.
- Describes the 1876 presidential election between rutherford b. hayes and samuel j. tilden that hindered the first reconstruction.
- Analyzes how richard vallely's "the two reconstructions" analyzed the failure of the first republican government. the rise of white supremacy groups and racism created an opportunity for democrats to creep back into the political realm.
His historical accounts brought forth throughout the book emphasized certain key actors hindering the First Reconstruction’s success; the assignation of Abraham Lincoln, the split among the Republicans, and negative court rulings against federal protection of the 15th amendment as well as the 1877 Compromise were the major events leading to the ultimate failure of the First Reconstruction. With the North politically unfocused and unable to create a plan to efficiently and effectively rekindle the relationship between themselves and the South, reflected the nature of the Reconstruction. Although, there was a short period of time where newly freed slaves were brought into the political arena, the rise of white supremacy groups and racism created an opportunity for Democrats to creep back into the political realm, failing to successfully integrate African American’s into society as
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- Dangerous reconstructionanalytical essayOnce the last bullet was fired and the remaining slaves were freed, there arose a problem that was so big that the way the United States responded to it could alter race relations in the country for many years. The once thriving Southern economy under slavery had been completely ripped apart by the scars of war and it was up to the current president and congress to help restore it to its former state of economic prosperity. This period of American history is known as reconstruction and soon after the murder of Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson the vice president was thrust into the spotlight and he architected what is known as Presidential reconstruction. Raised in a relatively poor southern white household, Andrew Johnson developed a prejudice against newly freed African American’s because he saw them as a threat to poor Southern Whites, this was later revealed through his stubbornness in office, his economic policies and the laws he tried to pass in office.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that jacob johnson and mary mcdonough were born in raleigh, north carolina, and andrew experienced the sting of poverty at an early age.
- Analyzes how johnson, a poor white man from the southern united states, saw the social hierarchy as an example of what he could be.
- Analyzes how johnson was stubborn as a mule because he would abuse veto power and never acknowledge any mistakes. johnson wanted to keep southern blacks subordinate and return to their respective plantations.
- Explains that johnson liked the black codes because it meant that african americans would go back working plantations and not compete with the poor white worker.
- Analyzes how andrew johnson vetoed new discriminatory laws and laws meant to help african americans in the south. he believed that negroes were lazy and incapable of handling freedom.
- Analyzes how johnson's victory in tennessee helped propel his political career and made him committed to the cause of the poor southern white man.
- Explains that andrew johnson believed that negroes freedom quickly became an economic determinate to the united states.
- Explains that andrew johnson was thrust into the spotlight as president when abraham lincoln was murdered. he disliked newly freed african americans because of the way they were affecting poor southern whites.
- Explains how andrew johnson, the vice-president of the united states, architected presidential reconstruction after the murder of abraham lincoln.
1891 wordsRead More - Causes Of Radical Reconstructionanalytical essayPresident Johnson believed that the emancipation of blacks was the means to break down the planter aristocracy, not to empower blacks. He saw no reason to punish the South as losing their slaves and labor force was punishment enough. As our textbook notes, “Johnson’s views, combined with a lack of political savvy and skill, left him unable to work constructively with congressional Republicans, even the moderates who constituted the majority” Another reason Radical Reconstruction failed was because in the early 1870s, growing economic problems grew stronger as white Northerners became more irritated with the struggles to protect the rights of freed people, as Northerners felt they had done enough for black Southerners. As Hewitt and Lawson suggest, “More and more northern whites came to believe that any debt owed to black people for northern complicity in the sin of slavery had been wiped out by the blood shed during the Civil War.” This led the nation to shift from focusing on social matters to economic matters. A third reason why Radical Reconstruction failed was because focusing on social matters opened the door to legislation limiting the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. United States v. Cruikshank (1876), for example, ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment protected blacks against abuses by the government, but not from private groups. After that case more and more legislation was passed, putting a stop to Radical Reconstruction
In this essay, the author
- Explains why radical reconstruction failed because of the lack of unity among congress, and the fact that focusing on social matters opened the door to legislation limiting the fourth and fifteenth amendments.
- Explains that industrialization is the transformation from an agricultural to a manufacturing society by the creation of new innovations and inventions which fuel greater productivity and competition in jobs markets beyond regional/national boundaries.
- Analyzes how male workers in industrial working places experienced numerous changes, such as repetitive work, low wages, competitive work environment, and psychological instability.
- Analyzes how women's lives in the workplace reflected another aspect of industrialization. business owners tried to take advantage of hiring female workers with lower wages than males.
- Describes the radical republicans, a branch of the republican party that believed in the same political rights for blacks and whites, and that confederate leaders should be punished for their crimes.
- Narrates how they searched for the perfect book, forgotten generation: american children and world war ii by lisa l. ossian, a historian at des moines area community college in iowa.
1093 wordsRead More - Reconstruction Vs Reconstructionexplanatory essaySlavery was a part of frequent lifestyle in Tennessee during this time. Around one and four humans where living in Tennessee in 1860 were living as slaves. Most of the slaves were living in Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee. About 25 percent of the white families own or used a slave during this time period. Slavery was a very harsh system, slaves was enforced to work without paying. Many enslaved Tennesseans worked on farm and were used for labor in iron foundries or other businesses. About 7,000 free blacks lived in Tennessee during this time. Though technically free slaves had restrictive laws limited their opportunities. Slaves had not too many legal rights. For example, slave marriages were not recognized by law because but of them where
In this essay, the author
- Explains slavery was a part of frequent lifestyle in tennessee during this time. slaves were enforced to work without paying and were used for labor in iron foundries.
- Explains that slavery was different because of the ability that individual owners had over their lives. after emancipation many blacks in tennessee in the south migrated to the cities nearby.
- Explains that the reconstruction and the new south had a few steps for the before and after of the civil war reconstruction.
- Explains the advantages that african americans achieved to fit into a series of complex political developments after the civil war.
627 wordsRead More - Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestoneanalytical essayAfter the Civil War, white southerners had to figure out ways to continue feeling superior to their former slaves. Anxious to regain power over former slaves, southerners created the Black Codes of 1865. These codes were different from state to state, but most held similar restrictions. If blacks were unemployed, they could be arrested and charged with vagrancy. White Southerners believed blacks were to only work as agricultural laborers so the laws also restricted their hours of labor, duties, and behavior. Additionally, the codes prevented the raising of their own crops by black people. They were prohibited from ent...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the supreme court decision on brown vs. board of education of topeka, kansas, is the greatest victory for the negro people since the emancipation proclamation.
- Explains that the browns took their case to the courts, believing it was a violation of their rights. after the civil war, laws were passed to continue the separation of blacks and whites throughout the southern states.
- Explains the black codes of 1865, which were different from state to state, but most held similar restrictions.
- Explains how the supreme court encouraged segregation and made it an official reality. the plessy vs. ferguson case was reviewed in 1896 and the "separate but equal" idea was overturned in 1954.
- Analyzes how the late 1940s and early 1950s brought three powerful voices fighting for change in race relations in america.
- Explains how thurgood marshall led an all-star defense team to the supreme court to argue the unconstitutionality of segregation within the schools.
- Opines that the negro child accepts negative stereotypes about his own group as early as six, seven, or eight.
- Analyzes how the supreme court became a more harmonious and purposeful group than they'd been in quite some time.
- Analyzes how chief justice warren read his decision on the case of brown versus the topeka board of education. he spoke about the importance of public education and how it had steadily increased since the fourteenth amendment was written.
- Explains that there was strong resistance in the southern school systems, such as the little rock, arkansas school crisis, which led to the 101st airborne division intervening to protect nine young african-americans.
- Explains that brown vs. board of education was not the only case heard about the unconstitutionality of segregated public schools, but it is the one that gets the most publicity.
- Cites beggs, gordon, the american university law review, "novel expert evidence in federal civil rights litigation."
- Analyzes robinson, susan, "a day in black history: plessy vs. ferguson". gibbs magazine.
- Analyzes patterson, james t. brown v. board of education a civil rights milestone and it’s troubled legacy. perry, imani. five myths about brown
2443 wordsRead More - The Laws of the South, 1860sopinionated essayAfter the Civil war had ended many states created something that came to be known as Black codes or Black codes. What these codes did was limit the economic and physical freedom for all people that were former slaves.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the eugenics movement was the correct way to go at the time. the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments allowed segregation, which was cruel.
- Explains that segregation laws were enforced from 1880s to 1960s, leaving colored people humiliated by the white man. the jim crow era brought horrible ideas that made teachers have duties in a negative way.
- Explains that the laws of "jim crow" were created in 1881 by the republican party and our black members were part of it.
- Compares stanley j. folmsbee's "the journal of southern history," the origin of the first "jim crow" law, and george ansalone'
1016 wordsRead More - Importance Of The 14th Amendmentexplanatory essayBlack Codes to avoid the result of the Civil War, which was to end slavery.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the executive branch of the united states is responsible for ensuring that everyone is treated fairly.
- Opines that evers college will see how the results of the case laws and how they were fought in our case.
- Opines that african americans can enjoy full civil rights and equality.
- States that the former confederate states passed laws such as the fourteenth amendment in 1868.
- Explains that affirmative action is a discriminatory action.
- Explains the end of segregation in all areas of public life in the south.
- Explains that the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were some of the first steps into creating a better and more equal america.
- Explains that the courts decide what exactly is and is not covered by the laws that have been passed. the legislative branch's power in government is put in the hands of the congress.
- Explains that three amendments were added to the united states constitution a few years after the end of the civil war.
- Explains that the northern states that had won the civil war took an active role in trying to reconstruct the union by implementing legal and political changes.
- Explains that the people that voted in the senate were overwhelmingly in favor of this amendment. it passed 38–6.
- Explains that the fourteenth amendment was necessary because of the passage of black codes in the south after the civil war.
- Explains that they did not want african americans to have a voice in the political process.
- Describes the amendment to the constitution, which states that the right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
- Explains that brown v. board of education began in 1950 in topeka, kansas. the naacp agreed to take brown's case, along with several other similar cases from around the country.
- Explains that it took more than twenty years for most schools in the south to end their old policies. the brown decision was the first critical step.
- Explains that the united states made substantial progress in civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s, aided by supreme court decisions that found state-sponsored segregation of the races unconstitutional. the civil rights act of 1964 enacted this idea into law.
- Explains that the supreme court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional in the regents of university of california v. bakke case.
- Explains the admissions practices of the medical school at the university of california at davis, which reserved 16 out of 100 seats.
- Explains that bakke was a white applicant that was denied twice for admission to the medical school even though his mcat scores and gpa were significantly higher than many of the minority applicants.
1339 wordsRead More - Reconstruction In Americ The Impact Of The Second Reconstructionanalytical essayStarting with the major racial divisions, which split society into two opposing parties. Reconstruction offers to bring high political leader roles to the black community as education is offered to more and more people. Foner states, “Divisions among whites have long been known to have shaped the course of Reconstruction.” This is a key reason why there are conflicts directly involved within the black community. The Second Reconstruction has successfully improved working opportunities for the blacks, but failed to unify both parties. However the idea of “black power and pride” was rising . This failed portion isn 't blamed on anyone one group of people, “If indeed they were active agents rather than passive victims, then blacks could not be absolved of blame for the failure of Reconstruction.” The cause of the statement is that the emphasis from slavery and free slave, the distinction wasn’t make absolutely clear during the First Reconstruction. If the idea of slavery was left behind and if any tension between whites and blacks was gone during the First Reconstruction, the country wouldn 't have to spend time revisiting the topic. In fact, the country would have the opportunity to use its time on something that would revolutionize society in the future. Foner makes a clear distinction that race wars were hugely impacted by both Reconstruction
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how foner describes the southern radicalists as furious with black supremacy and unleashing an orgy of corruption
- Analyzes how modern revisionism manipulated the way people interpreted the nation's politics, resulting in president johnson being on the receiving end of several critics.
- Analyzes foner's statement that race wars were hugely impacted by both reconstruction eras.
- Analyzes how the united states entered reconstruction in 1865 after the civil war. the emancipation proclamation created an atmosphere where american society learns and understands the new terms.
- Analyzes how eric foner's reconstruction revisited explains the impact of events that occurred during the civil war and the start of the 1960’s.
1260 wordsRead More - black codeopinionated essayBlack Codes was a name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson. These laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves such as prohibiting their right to vote, forbidding them to sit on juries, limiting their right to testify against white men, carrying weapons in public places and working in certain occupations.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that black codes was a name given to laws passed by southern governments during the presidency of andrew johnson. these laws imposed severe restrictions on freed slaves.
- Explains that after the american civil war the radical republicans advocated the passing of the civil rights bill, legislation that was designed to protect freed slaves from southern black codes.
- Explains that president andrew johnson vetoed the civil rights bill in april 1866. his views on racial equality were clearly defined in a letter to benjamin b. french, the commissioner of public buildings.
- Explains that radical republicans repassed the civil rights bill and got the reconstruction acts passed in 1867 and 1868. white control over southern state governments was gradually restored when organizations like the ku kux klan frightened blacks from voting in elections.
- Analyzes how charles sumner attacked president lincoln's decision to allow black codes to continue. a government organized by congress and appointed by the president enforces laws and institutions abhorrent to civilization.
- Explains that if a person willfully brings into the state, with an intent to circulate, or aids or abets the bringing into or circulation or publication, the evident tendency is to cause slaves to become dissatisfied with the bondage in which they are held by their masters and the laws regulating the same.
- Opines that extending the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the constitution of the united states in english and write their names would completely disarm the adversary.
- Analyzes how the abolition of slavery and the establishment of freedom are not the same thing. the emancipated negroes were not yet really freemen.
- Explains that the idea of admitting the freedmen to an equal participation in civil and political rights was not entertained in any part of the south.
- Explains that in some states any local justice of the peace could bind out to a white person any negro under age, without his own consent or that of his parents? the freedmen were subjected to the punishments formerly inflicted upon slaves.
- Analyzes how legal disabilities were not the only obstacles placed in the path of the freed people. their attempts at education provoked intense and bitter hostility, as evincing a desire to render themselves equal to the whites.
- Explains that robert e. lee was cross-examined by jacob howard as a congressional committee held on 17th february, 1866. howard asked lee if he believed the 'quot;colored population' should vote in elections.
- Opines that giving them the right of suffrage would open the door to a great deal of demagogism and lead to embarrassments in various ways.
- Opines that thaddeus stevens wrote his own epitaph that appeared on his tombstone in an african american cemetery. they repose in this quiet and secluded spot, not from any natural preference for solitude.
- Opines that it is possible that the northern people have made the negro free, but to be returned to the custody of the original owner, where he would have a master to look after his well-being.
1423 wordsRead More - Black Codesexplanatory essayImagine yourself wrongly convicted of a crime. You spent years in jail awaiting your release date. It finally comes, and when they let you out, they slap handcuffs around your wrists and tell you every single action you do. In a nutshell, that’s how the Black Codes worked. The southerners wanted control over the blacks after the Civil War, and states created their own Black Codes.
In this essay, the author
- Explains how the black codes worked. the southerners wanted control over the blacks after the civil war.
- Explains that the southern plantation owners were bitter over the outcome of the civil war and wanted to keep african americans under their control.
- Explains that black codes were not subtle in their dislike for freedmen. they believed blacks were predestined to be agricultural laborers and under their control.
- Cites wilson, theodore brantner's black codes of the south, wallenstein, peter, and fuente, alejandro de la.
523 wordsRead More - Reconstruction In Eric Foner's A Short History Of Reconstructionanalytical essayAs an unabridged version of his other book, Eric Foner sets out to accomplish four main goals in A Short History of Reconstruction. These points enable the author to provide a smaller, but not neglectful, account of the United States during Reconstruction. By exploring the essence of the black experience, examining the ways in which Southern society evolved, the development of racial attitudes and race relations, and the complexities of race and class in the postwar South, as well as the emergence during the Civil War and Reconstruction of a national state possessing vastly expanded authority and a new set of purposes, Foner creates a narrative that encompasses some of the major issues during Reconstruction. Additionally, the author provides
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how eric foner sets out to accomplish four main goals in a short history of reconstruction: exploring the essence of the black experience, the development of racial attitudes and race relations, and the complexities of race and class in the postwar south.
- Analyzes how foner proves his arguments through careful research and shows the development in racial attitudes and the complexities of race and class.
- Analyzes how foner's book illustrates that southern societies evolved, but they resented it. the ku klux klan was a military force serving the democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy.
- Analyzes how foner's quote emulates the center of his book, creating a record of the trials faced by african americans during the reconstruction period.
- Analyzes how foner weaves the politics of reconstruction into his narrative, enabling readers to understand the opposition for the need for economic change in the south after the war.
- Analyzes how foner discusses the role of women in relation to abolition in his book. the motives of southern women during the civil war were more of an attempt to claim their dominance over
- Analyzes how foner focuses on emancipation in his introduction before reconstruction as it affected african americans and southern society.
992 wordsRead More