Confocal Microscopy Lab
explanatory Essay
861 words
Confocal Microscopy Lab
Confocal microscopy uses a laser that produces excitation light. This laser light reflects off of a dichroic mirror and then the laser light hits two mirrors that are mounted on motors. The mirrors then scan the laser light across the sample. Dye that is found in the sample then fluoresces (Weeks, 2003). Filamin was labeled with a red fluorescent label rhodamine (TRITC) and actin was labeled with the green fluorescent label fluoroscein (FITC) which was conjugated to the actin-binding fungal toxin phalloidin. The emitted light from the dyes passes back through the mirrors and passes through the dichroic mirror and is focuses into a pinhole. With confocal microscopy, a complete image of the sample is never seen. Only one point of the sample can be observed at a time. The amount of light that passes back through is detected by the microscope (Ladic, 1995). The intensity of the red light seen is proportional to the amount of filamin present and the intensity of the green light seen is proportional to the amount of actin present in the sample of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries.
Confocal microscopy is able to produce images that are very free from interference. The confocal pinhole allows the microscope to reject out of focus fluorescent light (Weeks, 2003). This means that the image comes from a thin section of the ovary sample. Many thin sections will be scanned through the sample; this allows a clean three dimensional image to be made. A confocal microscope has a few advantages over regular optical microscopes. Confocal microscopes have controllable depth of field, the elimination of image degrading information that is out of focus, and the ability to collect series of data from s...
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.../ladic/overview.html. Accessed 6 December 2004.
Robinson, D.N., K. Cant and L. Cooley. 1994. "Morphogenesis of Drosophila ovarian ring canals." Development. 120, 2015-2025.
Robinson, D.N, T.A. Smith-Leiker, N.S. Sokol, A.M. Hudson and L. Cooley. 1997. “Formation of the Drosophila ovarian ring canal inner rim depends on cheerio.” Genetics. 145, 1063-1072
Shilling, Kristen (David S. Richard). “Ovarian nurse cell ring canal formation in wild-
type and insulin signaling mutant female Drosophila melanogaster.”
Tilney, L.G., M.S. Tilney, and G.M. Guild. 1996. “Formation of actin filament bundles in the ring canals of developing Drosophila follicles.” The Journal of Cell Biology. 133, 61-74.
Weeks, Eric. 2003. “How does a confocal microscope work?” Physics Department, Emory University. http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/confocal/. Accessed 3 December 2004
In this essay, the author
- Explains that confocal microscopy uses a laser that produces excitation light. the laser light reflects off of the dichroic mirror and then hits two mirrors that are mounted on motors.
- Explains the advantages of a confocal microscope over regular optical microscopes, such as controllable depth of field, elimination of image degrading information, and the ability to collect series of data from thick samples.
- Explains that oocyte development in drosophila proceeds through fourteen stages. the first seven stages are pre-vitellogenic, and the last seven are vitellogenic.
- Explains that confocal microscopy uses a laser that produces excitation light. the laser light reflects off of the dichroic mirror and then hits two mirrors that are mounted on motors.
- Explains the advantages of a confocal microscope over regular optical microscopes, such as controllable depth of field, elimination of image degrading information, and the ability to collect series of data from thick samples.
- Explains that oocyte development in drosophila proceeds through fourteen stages. the first seven stages are pre-vitellogenic, and the last seven are vitellogenic.
- Explains that ring canals connect adjacent nurse cells to allow cell communication and cytoplasmic streaming during the maturation of the egg. nurse cells become polyploid and synthesize mrna, ribosomes, and proteins.
- Explains that the number of ring canals remains at fifteen throughout development, but the size changes during follicle development.
- Cites gilbert, scott, ladic, lance, robertson, k. cant, and cooley.
- Explains that the formation of the drosophila ovarian ring canal inner rim depends on cheerio.
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In this essay, the author
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- Analyzes how okonkwo became a well-respected member of the igbo society, but his wealth and prestige rested solely on his personal achievements.
- Analyzes how okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand, and his wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper. his violent temper was triggered in response to actions that he deemed to be weak.
- Introduces chinua achebe's things fall apart, a narrative story that follows the life of an african man called okonkwo.
- Analyzes how okonkwo became a well-respected member of the igbo society, but his wealth and prestige rested solely on his personal achievements.
- Analyzes how okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand, and his wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper. his violent temper was triggered in response to actions that he deemed to be weak.
- Narrates how okonkwo decides to go to the village where the accused lived and ask for one virgin and one young boy to make up for the murder.
- Explains that igbo society, as well as most other african societies, was polytheistic. every man had his own chi, or his won personal god to which he would pray for health and prosperity.
- Analyzes how okonkwo's gun misfires and he accidentally kills a young man in chapter thirteen. he was exiled to mbanta and his family were taken in by uchendu.
- Narrates how okonkwo heard of the first white man while in exile in mbanta, and his mother's clansmen learned of his religion. they gave him permission to build their church in the evil forest.
- Narrates how okonkwo and his family returned to umuofia after seven years. they were surprised to find that the white man had not been driven out of their villages.
- Analyzes how okonkwo's death symbolizes the end of patriarchy in umuofia. his struggles, triumphs, and defeats are all reduced to a paragraph.
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- Analyzes how okonkwo is a tragic hero in chinua achebe's novel things fall apart. aristotle defines tragic heroes as good men of high status who display tragic flaws and experience dramatic reversals.
- Analyzes how okonkwo's tragic flaw isn't that he was afraid of work, but rather his fear of weakness and failure which stems from his father’s unproductive life and disgraceful death.
- Analyzes how okonkwo's fear leads him to treat members of his family harshly, in particular his son, and his downfall is a result of the changes created by the british colonists to igbo.
- Analyzes how okonkwo is a tragic hero in chinua achebe's novel things fall apart. aristotle defines tragic heroes as good men of high status who display tragic flaws and experience dramatic reversals.
- Analyzes how okonkwo's tragic flaw isn't that he was afraid of work, but rather his fear of weakness and failure which stems from his father’s unproductive life and disgraceful death.
- Analyzes how okonkwo's fear leads him to treat members of his family harshly, in particular his son, and his downfall is a result of the changes created by the british colonists to igbo.
- Analyzes okonkwo's reaction to christianity and the influence of the british after his seven-year exile.
975 wordsRead More - Evolutionary Developmental Biologyexplanatory essayEvolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) was instituted in the early 1980s as a distinctive field of study to characterise the new synthesis of evolution hypothesis (Müller, 2007). Evo-devo is regarded as a new rule in evolutionary biology and a complement to neo-Darwinian theories. It has formed from the combination of molecular developmental biology and evolutionary molecular genetics; their integration has helped greatly to understand both of these fields. Evo-devo as a discipline has been exploring the role of the process of individual development and the changes in evolutionary phenotype, meaning the developmental procedure by which single-celled zygotes grow to be multicellular organisms. Alterations in the developmental program frequently cause differences in adult morphology. When these alterations are helpful, they grow to be fixed in a population and can result in the evolution of new phyla. Evo-devo seeks to figure out how new groups happen by understanding how the method of development has evolved in different lineages. In other word, evo-devo explains the interaction between phenotype and genotype (Hall, 2007). Explanation of morphological novelty of evolutionary origins is one of the middle challenges in current evolutionary biology, and is intertwined with energetic discussion regarding how to connect developmental biology to standard perspectives from the theory of evolution (Laubichler, 2010). A large amount of theoretical and experiential effort is being devoted to novelties that have challenged biologists for more than one hundred years, for instance, the basis of fins in fish, the fin-to-limb change and the evolution of feathers. The biology of development promises to formulate a main contribution to these...
In this essay, the author
- Explains evolutionary developmental biology as a complement to neo-darwinian theories. the renaissance of investigations has catapulted novelty to the forefront of evolutionary research.
- Explains that there is no standard procedure for conducting evo-devo. however, conventional steps are involved, as well as feature of development and function useful in a phylogenetic context.
- Explains that the real beauty of evo-devo is the functional confirmation of candidate genes and the ability to reveal how these genes control traits in organisms via reverse genetics.
- Explains evolutionary developmental biology as a complement to neo-darwinian theories. the renaissance of investigations has catapulted novelty to the forefront of evolutionary research.
- Explains that there is no standard procedure for conducting evo-devo. however, conventional steps are involved, as well as feature of development and function useful in a phylogenetic context.
- Explains that the real beauty of evo-devo is the functional confirmation of candidate genes and the ability to reveal how these genes control traits in organisms via reverse genetics.
- Explains how genetic mechanisms can affect the phenotype in animals, including butterflies, honeybees, and fish.
- Explains that evo-devo concentrates on the division of development. one system is epigenetic causation, the suggestion that developmental systems adjust genetic variance into phenotypic variance.
- Analyzes how evo-devo explains the evolutionary genesis of morphological novelty as one of the middle challenges in modern evolutionary biology.
- Explains that evo-devo is creating an understanding of the development of forms of organisms, and can allow the examination of connected groups that are more amenable in the wild.
- Explains that the study of evo-devo has changed between the 1920s and 1980s. mendelian genetics, and darwinian natural selection have undergone a theoretical addition from the mathematical population genetic theory.
- States that evo-devo is a conceptual hub for an even larger integration of research areas in organismal biology, including genetics, ecology, paleontology, behavior, cognition, and other fields.
- Explains that palaeontology provides indirect information about the contribution of development to phenotypic evolution by documenting heterochrony, constraint and innovation.
- Opines that evo-devo is making progress, and future studies should be pursued to understand how genetic changes in the development process can cause the abundant variety in shapes that are observed in nature.
2219 wordsRead More - The Labium: Lab Notesexplanatory essayThe labium occupied the ventral region of the head. Both maxillae fuse together from their base with the labium and hypopharynx-maxillary complex to form the labial hypopharynx-maxillary complex (Fig.7). The labium is divided into three regions; prementum, mentum and submentum. The mentum is large and lightly sclerotized. The submentum consists of two triangular sclerites. The prementum carries the spinneret and the hypopharynx is covered with a large number of spines (Hps). The labium has a pair of labial palps (Lbp) and the spinneret (Sp) lies between the bases of these palps. The spinneret situated on flat triangular region appears as long tube-like. The spinneret role is releasing the silk secreted by the glands of larvae. The labial palp takes the form of a long cylindrical segment bearing one long styloconic sensillum (20.2 μm) and a short sensillum chaeticum (9.58 μm). The sensillum styloconicum has a cylindrical base and a spine-like apical portion. At the lateral side of the labium, two pairs of long chaetic sensilla (Cs1-Cs4) (66.31-71.76 μm) were observed in figure 8. Additionally, a pair of sensilla chaetica (Cs5-Cs6) at the base of labium (54.95 μm) was observed.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the labium occupies the ventral region of the head. the labial hypopharynx-maxillary complex is divided into three regions.
- Explains that the larvae of t. absoluta can discriminate between its host plants through olfaction and gestation using sensory chemoreceptors distributed on the antenna and mouth parts.
- Explains that antennae represent the main olfactory organ in lepidopterous larvae as previously reported by many authors. the distribution of the sensilla located on the antenna showed four types — trichoid, chaetic, basiconic, and styloconic
- Explains that the labium occupies the ventral region of the head. the labial hypopharynx-maxillary complex is divided into three regions.
- Explains that the larvae of t. absoluta can discriminate between its host plants through olfaction and gestation using sensory chemoreceptors distributed on the antenna and mouth parts.
- Explains that antennae represent the main olfactory organ in lepidopterous larvae as previously reported by many authors. the distribution of the sensilla located on the antenna showed four types — trichoid, chaetic, basiconic, and styloconic
- Describes the sensory organs or sensilla found in the lepidoptera, including the mouthparts and the mandibles.
- Explains that the elongated styloconica sensillum is the main larval gustatory senslla. the galea of the maxilla carries two pairs of basiconic and one pair of stylic
- Explains that sensillum digitiformium is a consistent structure on the maxillary palp in caterpillars. it has been found in 36 species in noctuidae.
- Explains that the labial palp carries a styloconic sensillum and chaetica, which are claimed to be mechanoreceptors on the basis of electrophysiological data with different lepidopterous species.
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