Concrete is considered as the most widely used and versatile material of construction all over the world. In recent years, concrete technology has made significant advances which have resulted in economical improvements in strength of concretes. This economic development depends upon the intelligent use of locally available materials. One of the important ingredients of conventional concrete is natural sand or river sand, which is expensive and scarce. In India, the conventional concrete is produced by using natural sand obtained from riverbeds as fine aggregate. However, due to the increased use of concrete in almost all types of construction works, the demand of natural or river sand has been increased. To meet this demand of construction
Water: Chloride free water is used for mixing the concrete in which is potable and is free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. Figure.4 (RO plant) Figure.5 (Using Chloride free water from Tin)
TESTING PROCEDURE
This project entailed subjecting the designed concrete mixes to a series of tests to evaluate the strength, and other properties. For this project, it was important to monitor the strength development with time to adequately evaluate the strength of each concrete mix. For each test, either 3 samples from each mix were tested at each curing age, and the average values were used for analysis. The following sections present the procedures used for the various tests.
i) Compressive Strength Test:
One of the most important properties of concrete is the measurement of its ability to withstand compressive loads.. The compression tests performed in this project were completed in accordance with IS standard 516 “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete”. The apparatus used to determine the compressive strength of concrete in this project was a testing
The sand is a Nobody disagrees with this fact. What is more important and hard to determine, however, is to measure the cost/value of using these. resources. The. Here are some ways presented in the book to measure this.
the type of sand and the amount of sand. The variable I will change is
they're not. Concrete is to cement as a cake is to flour. Concrete is a mixture
Within this paper, the differences between a summer and winter beach will be explained thoroughly, and the sand samples taken from the back shore portion of Huntington Beach, located in South Carolina, will be used as proof of these differences. The sand samples taken at both summer and winter periods will be defined and analyzed in great detail, as will the beach area itself. Once having read this paper, the general background information on the type of sand collected, specifically about Huntington Beach, will be evident, as will the differences in the beach during winter and summer time. The samples will be described thoroughly, and lab work and findings will be summarized for a touch of light, interesting, reading; all outside work cited corrected. These findings will not only be conveyed with words, but also visually appealing diagrams and photos of the physical sample. Finally, there will be a brief summary at the end of this paper in which the sand samples will be briefly restated in show of example for the winter and summer differences in a beach, specifically Huntington Beach.
Checking the opening of cracks and stress limits, will not be required for concrete elements. When the tensile flexural stress exceeds the effective tensile strength fcteff, then a check for pre-stressed concrete is required. This should normally occur when sections do not have tendons near the tension face or there is no exposure to chlorides, so decompression doesn’t have to be checked. The analysis using uncracked section will be done in sections controlled for decompression and have tendons near the surface tension. As the cracked section analysis is done by computer, it solves the complexity of the calculations. However, this does not mean that pre-stressed cannot be calculated directly from a set of equations as with crack width checks for RC.
Eroded material encourages the development of salt marshes and beaches. • Cons- People lose their livelihood e.g. farmers, fisheries etc. These people will need to be
In this paper we have studied compressive strength of concrete by replacing natural aggregate with recycled aggregate by 25%, 50% and 75%.This mixture formed in the sample of cubes of dimension 150x150x150mm3.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
Concrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
The movement of sand due to many factors such as strong storms, sea level rise, currents and tides, and human activity cause erosion. One of the most significant factors contributing to ero...
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Most people may not realise but concrete plays a vital part in our lives daily. It shapes and creates the built environment in which we are surrounded by, such as schools, bridges, roads, housing, hospitals, dams and so much mores. Concrete is the most used man made material in the world, averaging around 3 tonnes annually for each person. In comparison with other building materials such as wood, steel, plastic and aluminium, over twice as much concrete is used globally than any of these materials. It is the material choice of most purposes due to its strength, durability, thermal mass and its cost.
Surface Creep occurs when landing sand particles remove the larger and heavier particles, pushing them forward.
There are different types of dredgers, however, for the Palm Islands project, the trailing suction hopper dredge (TSHD) was used because it is the only non-stationary dredger. This is because the dredger had to move from the area of suction to the area of deposition. The trailing suction hopper dredge has suction tubes dragged over the seabed during dredging, dredge pumps to suck the material, hopper where the dredged material settles and a swell compensator to control the contact between the suction mouth and seabed when dredging. In as much as Dubai has plenty of sand since it is a desert, the right type of sand that was cohesive enough could be used and it was only found in the seabed.