Computational Linguistics
Computational linguistics is a discipline between linguistics and computer science which is concerned with the computational aspects of the human language. This area of computer science overlaps with the field of Artificial Intelligence. Basically, computational linguistics is a series of programs that interprets human speech into words and actions. There are a couple of different areas of computational linguistics and those areas are theoretical computational linguistics and applied computational linguistics. Each one of those areas are divided up into more areas.
Theoretical computational linguistics is composed of theoretical linguistics and cognitive science. This particular area deals with formal theories about the linguistic knowledge that a human needs for generating and understanding language. This area has advanced so much, and has become so complex that it can only be managed by using computers. With these computers computational linguists develop formal models simulating aspects of the human language and then incorporates that into programs. These programs that they write constitute the basis for the evaluation and further development of their theories. Along with these theories there is another part that plays a big role in theoretical computational linguistics and that part is cognitive sciences. What I mean by that is that part of these programs interprets what is being said and then it matches it up to what is in its programming.
The other part of computational linguistics is called applied computational linguistics which focuses on the practical outcome of modeling human language use. The methods, techniques, tools, and applications in this area are often subsumed under the term language engineering or (human language technology. The current computational linguistic systems are far from achieving human ability of communicating they have numerous applications. The goal for this is to eventually have a computer program that will have the same communication skills as a human being. Once this is achieved it will open doors never thought possible in computing. After all the major problem today with computing is communication with the computer. Today’s computers don’t really understand our language and it is very difficult to learn computer language, plus computer language doesn’t correspond to the structure of human thought.
2.4 - Describe the three-schema architecture. Why do we need mappings between schema levels? How do different schema definition languages support this architecture?
For teachers to be effective in providing equitable learning opportunities, they must be informed about the dynamics of diversity in the student population. This awareness should be aimed at providing meaningful and engaging learning activities that are sensitive to the linguistic, gender-based racial, ethnic, cultural, and exceptional needs of the students (Indiana University Teaching Handbook, 2012). However, before teachers can create meaningful opportunities for learning, they must be aware of their students’ strength and weaknesses. Diagnostic assessments provide detailed information that can help the teacher identify areas of weaknesses in order to help students evolve through the reading stages. After identifying students’ deficiencies
...echnology should be heralded as the greatest benefactor to linguistics and language. Instead, it seems as if it just may be its downfall if left unmitigated. Technology such as the Internet, cell phones, text messaging and social such have impacted language and English in a variety of ways. E-mail and text messaging have made writing an everyday occurrence. Computers have made writing quicker and much easier. With such easy access to information as Peter Diamandis put it in his book Abundance: The Future is Better Than You Think, “we are living in a world of information and communication abundance,” (10) and with the rise in popularity of technology, we see the English language deteriorating more and more until one day its form in the future will be completely unrecognizable to its predecessor much as Old English seems foreign when compared to the English of today.
Neuro – Linguistic programming is concerned with how individuals absorb and make sense of information (Young 1983, p.1012). It is referred to as a model of human behaviour and cognition (weaver 2010 p.40). It has been stated (O’Connor, 2001, p1) as the study of brilliance and quality. Neuro-linguistic programming started with John Grinder, who was a linguistic professor and Richard Bandlar who had both a mathematical and computer programming background (Gleeson, 2009, p.6). Both professors had an interest in modelling patterns of behaviour to produce excellence. The traditional focus of neuro-linguisitc programming was with therapeutic techniques however, it has now steered in many other directions (Gleeson, 2009, p.6). Neuro-linguisitc programming cannot be pinned down to one definition (O’Connor, 2001, p1). Although it has tried to be defined on many occasions, each definition focuses on different aspects of it (Dimmick, 1995, pxi). The co-founders have defined neuro-linguisitc programming themselves; however their definitions seem to differ (Dimmick, 1995, pxi). Bandlar defines it as a methodology of modelling which leaves behind a trail of techniques (Dimmick, 1995, pxi). Grinder defines it an epistemology which is the study of self creation or how knowledge is obtained (Dimmick, 1995, pxi). Neuro-linguisitc programming is found within a variety of practices with a range of practitioners utilizing these skills. (McDermott, Jago 2001, p.1). This paper will look at the benefits of neuro-linguisitc programming and will conclude with how this would benefit social work practitioners.
To begin, we shall define language. The way to define language can be quite intricate but is important to understand for the sake of human communication. Language possesses many different elements that are needed for one to understand it. Understanding how the language processing in cognitive psychology works, one should examine it and have a clear view on cognitive psychology (Boroditsky 2001). Basically, language is an intricate process of communication that flows with ones’ thoughts. Lexicon can be defined as somewhat of a mental dictionary. It can hold many depictions of known words which are spelling, part of speech for each word, and the way a word is pronounced (Boroditsky 2001). Lexicons help in matching the spoken word with that of the meaning of the word. Therefore, people will start to see words through this way of doing things because spoken words are similar with a lexicon (Boroditsky 2001).
In this essay I intend to investigate how differently one of the closed word classes, determiners, are approached in a series of pre and post corpus-based English grammar reference books, course books and practice books. And the theme of my investigation is how corpus affects the development of English teaching materials. The grammar reference books I intend to analyze and compare are “A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language” (ACGEL) and “Cambridge Grammar of English” (CGE). The former is an indispensable grammar reference book first published in 1985, which has been widely consulted in researches in relation to English linguistic studies, while the later offers clear explanations of both spoken and written English grammar based on authentic everyday usage.
Reiteration, as the first category of lexical cohesion, is a phenomenon in which the lexical item refers back to another item that has a connection with a general reference. It is a lexical cohesion which forms a constituent that has been mentioned. Reiteration consists of repetition, hyponymy, synonyms, and antonymy. The purpose of using these aspects of reiteration is to obtain the effect of the intensity of the meaning of language, information events, and beauty of other languages. Haliday and Hasan (1976) says that:
In the last few decades, the notion of language and brain has been highlighted in different scientific fields such as: neurology, cognitive science, linguistics biology, technology and finally education.
The Features of Written Language and Speech In English language there are two different ways of actually presenting language. These are written language and speech. These two factors of speech both include many different features between themselves. These features are mostly opposite to each other as they are completely different ways of presenting language. Written language is structured into paragraphs unlike general speech which is hardly thought about before being said and is flowing naturally.
When grammar is put to use in a society, people will often have different beliefs at what is the "right" or "proper" usage. This had led to the formation of two widely accepted forms of grammar, Prescriptivism and Descriptivism. These forms will often separate those who believe their form of grammar is the only correct way from those who use many forms they find to be acceptable. Descriptive grammar is formed by analyzing how speakers use a language, and deducing the rules they follow. Linguists create descriptive grammars in order to understand language more deeply. They understand that a single language can have multiple dialects, and that each dialect will have its own grammatical rules--internally
Linguistics and Computer Science are the main components of CL. According to Bolshakov & Gelbukh (2004) CL can be defined as a synonym of NLP. CL aims to construct computer programs which are able to process (recognize and synthesize) texts and speech of natural languages. This process enables scientists to create several applications related to this field such as Machine Translation, Spell and Grammar Checkers, Information Retrieval, Speech Recognition and Speech Synthesis, Topical Summarization, Extraction of factual data from texts, Natural language interface.
Language is a means of human communication whether verbally or nonverbally. In everyday life we use language to express our thoughts, feelings ,attitudes,etc.A great amount of social interactions takes place every day over the telephone ,by online chats, face –to face interaction or at workplaces .We use language of different forms for different functions as in to inform, question , and sometimes to strengthen social relationships or just to keep the social wheels turning smoothly. Moreover, understanding one's own language and even other cultures’ language is important to arrive at a successful and effective communication with others . The study of language can be undertaken in various ways .Semantics and pragmatics are two branches of linguistics which are concerned with the study of meaning.
Center for Applied Linguistics. Why, How, When? N.p.: Center for Applied Linguistics, n.d. www.cal.org. US Department of Education. Web. 3 Mar. 2014.
Making new friends can be intimidating, but it’s definitely rewarding. After all, friends form a big part of our life. They are the ones who walk through life together, share our ups and downs and joys and pains. Without friends, life wouldn’t be the same at all. We wouldn’t be who we are if not for them.