As you can see, compartment syndrome is a pretty detailed cause of Volkmann’s contracture. Now, there are three types or classifications of Volkmann’s ischemic contracture. The first classification is considered mild. This is when digits two and three have that flexion contracture and they do not have a loss of sensation yet but they are beginning to develop that. This is due to the deep intrinsic muscles being affected by the anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve. The mild category can be further classified into three subcategories. These include twenty-one, three, and two. In the subcategory twenty-one, is in the middle one-third of the forearm is affected and this is the most common classification in the mild subcategory. The
Somatosensation was defined in the lab manual as the sense of touch. The four types of mechanoreceptors that were discussed in class were the Merkel complexes, Ruffini endings, Meissner’s corpuscle, and the Pacinian corpuscle (Lab Manual). The Merkel complexes were slow adapting mechanoreceptors whose primary function was to discriminate the texture, or pattern of an object (Lab Manual). The Ruffini endings were also slow adapting mechanoreceptors, but their primary function was to differentiate finger position and stable grasps (Lab Manual). The Meissner’s corpuscle was a fast adapting mechanoreceptor whose primary
When MVP occurs, the left ventricle contracts, one or both flaps of the mitral valve flop or bulge back (prolapse) in the left atrium, this prevents the valve from forming a tight seal. As a result, blood may leak back into the atrium which is referred to as regurgitation (nhlbi.nih.gov).
One of the characteristics of the common disorder, and perhaps the most worrisome for the patients affected, is decreased blood flow in the atria, which is associated with and allows thrombi to form. Embolism from the atria can cause cerebrovascular accidents, which can be devastating to the affected individuals and their families.
There are three main types of strokes: ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic stroke. Ischemic strokes occur due to an obstruction or clotting of a blood vessel or artery. There are two types of ischemic strokes: embolic and thrombotic strokes. An embolic stroke is when a blood clot or other substance forms in the body, travels through the blood stream, and eventually becomes lodged in a small blood vessel or artery supplying blood to the brain. A thrombotic stroke is when a blockage forms in one or more arteries to the brain. The second type of stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, is due to a rupture of a weakened blood vessel. There are two major ways in which blood vessels can weaken: aneurysm, a ballooning of a weak area in a blood vessel, and arteriovenous malformations (AVM), an abnormal connection of arteries to veins. A hemorrhagic stroke can either be an intraccerebral stroke, a bleed caused by a blood vessel within the brain, or a subarachnoid stroke, an aneurysm rupture in a large artery near the membrane surrounding the brain. Lastly, transient ischemic attacks are temporary traveling clots that cause “miniature” or “warning” strokes.
Let’s say that there is a mechanical sense. If someone touched your hand, your somatosensory system will detect various stimuli by your skin’s sensory receptors. The sensory information is then conveyed to the central nervous system by afferent neurons. The neuron’s dendrites will pass that information to the cell body, and on to its axon. From there it is passed onto the spinal cord or the brainstem. The neuron's ascending axons will cross to the opposite side either in the spinal cord or in the brainstem. The axons then terminates in the thalamus, and on into the Brodmann Area of the parietal lobe of the brain to process.
Type 1. This type occurs after an injury or trauma with no known damage to a nerve.
The most common types of topographical types are diplegia, hemiplegia, double hemiplegia, and quadriplegia. The basal ganglia are part of the extrapyramidal system and work in conjunction with the motor cortex in providing movement and serve as the relay center. Damage to this area results in Athetoid Cerebral Palsy, the second most common form of cerebral palsy. Involuntary, purposeless movements, particularly in the arms, hands, and facial muscles, characterize athetosis. In addition, the individual can become “stuck” in abnormal positions or postures and require specific positioning to maintain normal tone and movement.
In this lab we apply the technique known as a two point discrimination test. This test will allow us to determine which regions of the skin are best able to discriminate between two simultaneous sensory impulses. According to (Haggard et al. 2007), tactile discrimination depends on the size of the receptive fields located on the somatosensory neurons. However receptive fields for other types of sensations are located elsewhere. For vision we find that the receptive fields are located inside the visual cortex, and for hearing we find receptive fields in the auditory cortex. The ability for the body to discriminate two points depends on how well that area of the body is innervated with neurons; and thus conferring to the size of the receptive fields (Haggard et al. 2007). It is important to note that the size of the receptive field generally decreases in correlation to higher innervations. As was seen in the retinal receptive fields, the peripheries of tissue had contained larger receptive fields (Hartline, 1940). In our test we hypothesized that the finger region will be able to discriminate better than the forearm. This means that they will be much more innervated with neurons than the forearm, and likewise contain smaller receptive fields. This also means that convergence is closer to a 1:1 ratio, and is less the case the farther from the fingers we go. We also think that the amount of convergence is varied with each individual. We will test to see if two people will have different interpretations of these results.
When a person begins to suffer from Guillain- Barre Syndrome their myelin sheath of their nervous system is being attacked and destroyed by the immune system (NINDS, 2011). The myelin sheath begins to lose its ability to transmit signals rapidly and affectively. Since signals are not getting transmitted to the brain fast enough, a person begins to notice fewer sensory responses from the rest of the body (NINDS, 2011). A person wouldn’t be able to tell right away or at all if an item they are touching is hot, cold, or causing pain. There also wouldn’t be good signal transmission from the brain to the rest of the body (NINDS, 2011). There would be signs of the muscles being unable to respond to the weakened or distraught signals they were receiving. Since the myelin sheath is responsible for transmitting the signals from a long distance, the upper and lower extremities would be the first to show signs of muscle dysfunction.
(e.g., Rhudy, Williams, McCabe, Nguyen, & Rambo, 2005; Terry et al., 2011). For the Ischema Pain Test the individuals were to exercise their hand with 50% of their maximum grip for a total time of 2 minutes. Next, blood was drained from the arm by elevating it above their shoulder for 15 seconds. Then, a blood pressure cuff was placed around the forearm and inflated in order to obstruct blood flow to their hand. The Ischema test is measured in the amount of time for the individual to achieve a 50 or greater on the NRS. To test the NFR the researchers used 3 diodes placed on the participant’s sural nerve to provide electrical impulses directly to the sural nerve. These impulses went in a ladder pattern that ascended and descended in order to give the individual the stimulation of pain. The stimulus was given at 8-12 second intervals and the participants were asked to translate their pain to the NRS for every section of the test. Each time the power of the electrical shock is increased by 1 mA (milliAmp) and an EMG on the bicep was recorded the whole time. For the Electrical Pain Assessment a single shock was induced to each participant and every time it was increased by 2 mA until they reached 100 on the NRS. The researchers did not exceed 50 mA during this test as to not cause
In each zone, impulses and reflexes travel until they reach nerve endings in the feet and the hands. These zones are believed to be meridians along which energy flows. Placing pressure on the nerve endings in the hands and the feet will affect the organs found in that particular zone (http://www.reflexology.org/aor/refinfo/healart.htm). As well as longitudinal zones throughout the body, there are also cross-reflex points. These cross-reflex points are corresponding points on the opposite side of the body which can be useful in administering reflexology treatment when pressure is not able to be placed on the reflex point....
Most often the disease starts in the left ventricle, and then often spreads to both the atrium and right ventricle as well. Usually there will also be mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, due to the dilation of the annuli. This regurgitation will continue to make problems worse by adding excessive volume and pressure to the atria, which is what then causes them to dilate. Once the atria become dilated it often leads to atrial fibrillation. As the volume load increases the ventricles become more dilated and over time the myocytes become weakened and cannot contract as they should. As you might have guessed with the progressive myocyte degeneration, there is a reduction in cardiac output which then may present as signs of heart failure (Lily).
Cardiovascular System: He does not experience any chest pain or palpitation. He does not have dyspnea or leg swelling.
The most advanced layers of the cortex, unique to Man, link to the thumb and forefinger especially, and there is a further complex physiological response which occurs when the forebrain is aroused. Changes in Alpha rhythms cause blood capillaries to enlarge, and this too affects resistance.
The current patient may be experiencing a range of traumatic injuries after his accident, the injuries that the paramedic will focus on are those that are most life threatening. These injuries include: a possible tension pneumothroax or a haemothorax, hypovolemic shock, a mild or stable pelvic fracture and tibia fibula fracture.