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Compartment syndrome case study pysiology
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Compartment syndrome is a condition that can lead to dangerous levels when pressure builds within the muscles, causing the lower leg to be painful. This syndrome develops when bleeding and edema begin within a compartment. The lower leg has four major muscle compartments: anterior, lateral, superior posterior, and deep posterior. Blood flow is disrupted that is going to the muscles and nerve cells and without steady blood supply carrying oxygen, these nerves and muscles can be permanently damaged. Compartment syndrome can either be classified as acute, which is a more severe medical emergency, and chronic, a non-medical emergency. A fracture, bruised muscle, reflowing blood after blocked circulation, crash injuries, and constricting bandages
Prior to intubation for a surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist administered a single dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, to a 23-year-old female to provide muscular relaxation during surgery and to facilitate the insertion of the endotracheal tube. Following this, the inhalation anesthetic was administered and the surgical procedure completed.
The protocol and conceptual overview of these procedures can be found under the header, “Properties of Skeletal Muscle” in NPB 101L Physiology Lab Manual Second Edition (Bautista & Korber, 2009, 9-17). The test subject for this lab was the Northern Leopard frog whose spinal cord and brain were severed. In order to carry out the experiments, the materials needed were one medium length surgical scissor, two hemostats and glass dissecting probes, a nine and four inch string, a cup of Ringers saline solution with an eyedropper, and a hook electrode. The software used to analyze and record the data was the BIOPAC system.
Type I and II classic EDS are identifiable by the smooth hyperextensible skin, anomalous wound healing, and joint hypermobility (Malfait F, Wenstrup R, De Paepe A, 2007) (see figure 1). Type III hypermobile EDS is the least drastic type of EDS, musculoskeletal complications may occur. The skin is smooth and slightly hyperextensible, bruising is also common. The hypermobile EDS patient suffers from chronic pain associated with dislocation from a slight amount of trauma (Levy, 2004). Type IV vascular EDS is recognizable by the translucent thin skin, easy bruising, facial manifestation (only present for some EDS patients), and finally by the fragility of the arterial, intestinal and (in some cases) the uterine (Pepin and Byers, 1999). Type VI kyphoscoloitic EDS can be identified at birth from severe muscular hypotonia. The skin is hyperextensible, thin scarring, bruising from minimal trauma, and joint laxity (Yeowell and Steinmann, 2000). Type VII A and B arthrochalasia can be identified by joint hypermobility, as well as fragile skin and tissue deformities. The hypermobile joints lead to severe dislocations and paralyzation...
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition where there is a low oxygen level in the blood this mostly affects the lungs, people who have sepsis will be affected by ARDS as there breathing rate will decrease. Another reason for a multi-organ dysfunctions is that there is a lack of blood being given to the organs this causes low blood pressure or as it’s called hypotension this mostly affects diabetic people which leads them to having sepsis. Also hypoxia which is a lack of oxygen is another pathological physiological outcome of sepsis as less oxygen is reaching the tissue this is due to the fact that there is less oxygen in the blood. This causes confusion and change in heart and breathing rate which can lead to
The production of physical movement in humans requires a close interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and the skeletal muscles. Understanding the interaction behind the mechanisms of these two forces, and how they are activated to provide the smooth coordinated movements (such as walking or picking up a pencil) of everyday life is essential to the study of motor control. Skeletal muscles require the activation of compartmental motor units that generate their own action potentials, and produce a voltage force within the muscle fibers that can be detected and recorded with the use of a electromyography (EMG). Therefore, the purpose of this lab was to determine the differences between the timing of force production
This report will explore the structure and function of skeletal muscle within the human body. There are three muscle classifications: smooth (looks smooth), cardiac (looks striated) and skeletal (looks striated). Smooth muscle is found within blood vessels, the gut and the intestines; it assists the movement of substances by contracting and relaxing, this is an involuntary effort. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts rhythmically nonstop for the entire duration of a person’s life and again is an involuntary movement of the body. The main focus of this report is on skeletal muscle and the movement produced which is inflicted by conscious thought unless there is a potentially harmful stimulus and then reaction is due to reflex, as the body naturally wants to protect itself. Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones and when they contract and relax they produce movement, there is a specific process that the muscle fibers go through to allow this to occur.
Deep vein thrombosis occurs when blood clots form in one of the deep veins in the thigh or calf. Many people with the condition do not have symptoms, but they may have leg pain, swelling or skin discoloration. It can be life threatening because it can cause a pulmonary embolism
On admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings. J.P. was positive for dyspnea and a productive cough. She also was positive for dysuria and hematuria, but negative for flank pain. After close examination of her integumentary and musculoskeletal system, the examiner discovered a shiny firm shin on the right lower extremity with +2 edema complemented by severe pain. A set of baseline vitals were also performed revealing a blood pressure of 124/80, pulse of 87 beats per minute, oxygen saturation of 99%, temperature of 97.3 degrees Fahrenheit, and respiration of 12 breaths per minute. The blood and metabolic panel exposed several abnormal labs. A red blood cell count of 3.99, white blood cell count of 22.5, hemoglobin of 10.9, hematocrit of 33.7%, sodium level of 13, potassium level of 3.1, carbon dioxide level of 10, creatinine level of 3.24, glucose level of 200, and a BUN level of 33 were the abnormal labs.
Are you experiencing pain, tingling or numbness in the hand and arm? It could be caused by the median nerve that travels through the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passage of bone and connective in the wrist that houses the median nerve and nine tendons that help to bend the fingers and thumb. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the passage way narrows and places pressure on the median nerve.
Major veins and arteries are located in similar positions deep below skin and muscle tissue, make blood color and rate of bleeding important identifying factors. A few notable arteries and veins are located above the heart and into the neck, with the carotid arteries that pump blood into the brain and the jugular veins that drain blood back to the heart. Several large arteries and veins also flow through the extremities, specifically in the upper arm with brachial arteries and veins and in the upper leg with the femoral artery and vein. These are all connected to large major vessels within the trunk, made up of the upper chest and the upper and lower abdomen. These large vessels connect to those in the extremities and head, as well as circulating through internal organs, and because of this these structures are not only susceptible to external bleeding but internal bleeding as well (786, 811). Internal bleeding is another type of hemorrhage that can occur with hypovolemic shock, and is caused by damage from blunt force brings damage to internal organs or causes blood vessels within the body to rupture, causing blood to escape into the body cavity. Injuries with traumatic force can occur when a victim is in a motor vehicle crash, where force from hitting the steering wheel can cause blunt force to the chest or abdomen or break bones within the body that can damage internal structures. Internal bleeding can also result from an open wound, commonly with penetrative wounds such as with a gunshot or knife stabbing (Red Cross 161). Other notable causes of internal bleeding may be caused by vascular disorders, as with aneurysms (Kolecki “Causes”), that occur when high blood pressure causes arterial wall to weaken and balloon, and possi...
A PE usually begins as a clot in a deep vein of the leg, which is called deep vein thrombosis. This clot can break and travel through the bloodstream to the lungs and block the artery. Blood clots can form in the deep veins of the legs if blood flow is restricted and slows down. This can occur when you don’t move around for long periods of time. Some examples that can cause this are some types of surgery, during a long trip in a car or airplane, and if you must stay in bed for an extended period of time. Under rare circumstances an air bubble, part of tumor, or other tissue travels to lungs and causes ...
It is a well known fact that muscles contribute to the strength of a person, but little attention is given to an individual oxygen consumption and lung capacity as a factor of strength. This is interesting because it provide an alternative view to the popular view of the factors that strength is derived from--primarily muscles. Oxygen consumption and capacity of an individual is primarily emphasized and valued in activities such as running or as a factor of cardiac health, but it has not popularly been attributed as a factor of strength. Research on cardiac patients has been performed which resulted in the conclusion of “...the increase in MVO2 index after surgery was significantly greater for peripheral muscle strength of the
in soft tissue mobilization pressure.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. April 1999: 531-5.
The muscular system is the set of all the muscles that make up the human body. It is an extensive system of muscles and nervous tissue, which is distributed all through the body. In total, the human body consists of approximately 650 muscles (Shier, Butler, Lewis, 2009). The muscular system is divided into three types of muscle: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle (p.212).