Comparison of Genetic Information In Eukaryotes And Prokaryotes
As for organisms in the world from humans to the smallest microbe, they directly reflect upon biodiversity, in respect to the appearance, size and expression. The reason behind this is caused by the genetic material found in each and every cell that composes each organism. Given that there are two types of cell organizations found in life, comparison of both ‘eukaryote’ and ‘prokaryote’ genomes will provide a better understanding for such diversity. ‘karyote’ refers to the nucleus, and also ‘pro’ means ‘absence’ and ‘eu’ means ‘presence’. Therefore the words prokaryote and eukaryote reflect upon the individual cell organization. In contrast, the both organizations show discrepancies as well as similarities which ultimately make them unique to one and other.
The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast the genomes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes according to the perspective of Cell biology (The science that studies about cells). This comparison is conducted on genetic material, in respect to their location, size, expression, structure, architecture as well as number.
Genome Location
The location of genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show major discrepancies because they have different levels of cell organization. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, they lack membrane bound organelles such the nucleus. Therefore, genomes of the prokaryotes reside as irregular Protein and deoxyribos nucleic acid (DNA) complex in cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm). This area of the cytoplasm is defined as the ‘nucleoid’ (Bauman.R 2004). Unlike Eukaryotes, it does not possess a nuclear envelope.
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In conclusion, the above comparison draws out few facts that should be taken into account for a better understanding of the genomes of the two organizations. Above all, the fact that the eukaryotes show similarities to prokaryotes could mean that they derived from prokaryotes initially, and then became more complex as they advanced. This fact also supports the Endosymbiosis theory. And the eukaryotic genomes are larger and more repetitive, which makes them less productive than the prokaryotic genes. But considering by the quantity of the genes, eukaryotes are effective. In the perspective of expression, the complex eukaryotes have to go through physical borders and take more time and energy to express its genes. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, their genomes highly efficient much more simple and they are stronger than what people think.
In the most general terms, the nucleus is the command center of a eukaryotic cell. Although the origin of the organelle is unclear, it is believed that it is derived from a symbiosis relationship between a bacterium and an archaea (Martin W. 2005). Being the main hub for the inner workings of a cell involves different functions overall. These nucleic functions are determined by the genes within the DNA of the cell. Functions of the cell are also regulate by soluble proteins that come in and out of the cell via the membranes and specific channels or the nuclear pore complexes. The overall objectives of the nucleus include; gene expression, compartmentalization, and processing pre-mRNA. The functions of the organelles and sub-regions
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
Genome: The Autobiography of A Species in 23 Chapters by Matt Ridley is an interesting book. It is written in a style that is very casual and very understandable. If someone who knew nothing about genetics or biology were to read this book, they would find it very interesting and informative. Ridley uses basic scientific terms so as not to confuse the average reader.
Title : With the aid of diagrams, compare the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Carl Woese’s (1990) groundbreaking paper categorised the Tree of Life into three domains for the first time– Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya. Before this, Archaea were known as Archaebacteria due to their prokaryotic, single-celled appearance similar to bacteria. However, Woese analysed 16S ribosomal RNA from all three groups and discovered there were differences of such significance in the sequences, for example between positions 180 and 197, that Archaea should be classified as their own domain. The three domains are believed to have separated from one common ancestor, with Eubacteria and Archaea diverging 3.8 billion years ago and Archaea separating from Eukarya 2.8 billion years ago. This means that, despite their appearance, Archaea share more similarities with eukaryotes, such as 33 identical ribosomal proteins, than with bacteria.
The most important and largest cellular organelle is the nucleus, which houses most of the eukaryotic cell’s DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane. The nucleus contains most of the cells genetic material. The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
The diversity and the unity of life are equally meaningful and striking aspects of our Earth (Dobzhansky, 1973). Although an astounding 1.2 million species have already been identified, it is estimated that another 8.7 million are yet to be discovered and classified (Mora et al., 2011). By understanding what unifies us –our genes, our understanding of the organisms we share our planet with will continue to grow.
...ng RNAseq data and different measures of expression similarities. The pairwise comparisons of expression profiles reveal higher similarity between orthologs than between within-species paralogs and between-species paralogs. This study also validates the presence of background noise in expression data when a correlation coefficient is used as measure of expression similarity. However this study can be considered redundant and simplified as it only validates previous findings of Chen and Zhang using similar approaches on same type of data. This study and the studies of Altenhoff et al. and Chen and Zhang are not final proofs for ortholog conjecture. Gene expression data serves only as a proxy for gene function while GO annotations are incomplete and have biases and errors. Hence further studies using complete functional data is necessary to prove ortholog conjecture.
Phenotypic methods of classifying microorganisms describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. The differences between Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes are basic. Bacteria can function and reproduce as single cells but often combine into multicellular colonies. Bacteria are also surrounded by a cell wall. Archaea differ from bacteria in their genetics and biochemistry. Their cell membranes are made with different material than bacteria. Just like bacteria, archaea are also single cell and are surrounded by a cell wall. Eukaryotes, unlike bacteria and archaea, contain a nucleus. And like bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes have a cell wall. The Gram stain is a system used to characterize bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. A Gram-positive cell will stain purple if cell walls are thick and a Gram-negative cell wall appears pink. Most bacteria can be classified as belonging to one of four groups (Gram-positive cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-negative cocci, and Gram-negative bacilli) (Phenotypic analysis. (n.d.).
... to RNA and the translation to proteins, as well as gene expression. Noble does an excellent job of presenting an opposing view to the central dogma of biology, using metaphors to attempt to make his differing views clearer to the reader. While Noble does use a lot of scientific evidence to support his opinions, his use of metaphors is overwhelming and it can easily distract the reader from the point that he is trying to make. ,Nobles’ explanations of gene expression help the reader to understand the process of evolution, giving a more or less clear view as to how redundancy in the genome can lead to variation. Noble neglects, however, to expand upon natural selection or any other ideas related to evolution. If these ideas were present, they were lost somewhere between the overwhelming use of metaphors and the overly detailed explanations of cell signaling processes.
There are three main divisions of living organisms: Prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archaea. This essay will outline the division between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and explore the reasoning behind such differences with regard to general structure, storage of deoxyribonucleic acid and its replication, metabolic processes, protein synthesis and ribonucleic acid processing.
A Prokaryote is a single cell organisms that does not have a nucleus, which is divided into two major groups: archaeabacteria and bacteria. Prokaryotes are usually found in three common structures, such as bacillus is rod shaped, crocus is spherical-shaped, and spirillum is long shape. Although there are prokaryotes that are responsible for diseases there are also good types of bacteria that we need. Prokaryotes provide essential services to biological systems for instance food and agriculture.
Ridley, M. (1999). Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters. New York: HarperCollins.
Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the changes in the environment (Campbell and Reece, 2008). Of a cell’s entire genome, only 15% will be expressed, and in multicellular organisms the genes active will vary according to their specialization. (Fletcher, Ivor & Winter, 2007).
As mentioned before, the eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, the most important organelle in a cell. The nucleus “controls the cell’s activities by directing protein synthesis” (58) through the retention of the