WorldCom’s network could not directly connect to every possible phone and electronic device in the world. As a result, the company had to utilize third parties to carry some part of their calls. WorldCom would have to lease the facilities of the 3rd parties. These fees were referred to as “line costs.” Line costs accounted for about half of WorldCom’s total expenses. Taking this fact into account, managing line costs was important to WorldCom’s bottom line. WorldCom management met in quarterly line cost meetings. In these meetings management was pressed for line costs reduction ideas. As economic conditions worsened, the search for cost savings became more intense and Ebbers and Sullivan became agitated and raised their voices demanding improved margins” (Zekany, Braun and Warder 104).
Enron was a company founded in the year 1985 based in Houston, USA. It was one of the world's largest energy trading and Distribution Company having an income of nearly hundred billion dollars during 2000 and was also regarded as America’s most Innovative companies for 6 consecutive years by the fortune magazine. In the last quarter of 2001, it was exposed that it’s declared financial condition was maintained significantly by systematized and skillfully premeditated accounting fraud, known thereafter as the Enron scandal. They hid major debts and did not book them in the balance sheet. The inflated figures in their balance sheet shot up their stock price to unprecedented levels, taking advantage of the situation executives with insider information traded in millions of dollars of Enron stocks. The senior executives and insiders were aware of the offshore accounts that were covering up losses for the Organization; the investors were kept in the dark. This sent across a domino effect which resulted in shareholders losing seventy four billion dollars, loss of hundreds of jobs and thousands of investors and employees losing their retirement accounts.
encourage honest and ethical conduct, including fair dealing and the ethical handling of conflicts of interest;
While Enron was the complicated fraud, WorldCom fraud was the simplest one to commit. WorldCom which is now known as MCI and acquired by Verizon Communication since 2006 was founded in 1983 to create a discount long-distance provider. The company grew very rapidly in the 1990s because of several large acquisitions (Beresford, Katzenbach, & C.B. Rogers, 2003) WorldCom completed 3 mergers in 1998 and one of the merger was the acquisition of MCI Communications Inc for $40 billion, the largest merger at that time. WorldCom also merged with Brooks Fiber Properties Inc for $1.2 billion and CompuServe Corp for $1.3 billion (The rise and fall of WorldCom, 2008). WorldCom announced the merger with Sprint Corp. in 1999 and its shares’ price went up for more than $64 but, the merge was blocked by regulators in both the U.S. and Europe because they concerned that it would create a monopoly in 2002 (The rise and fall of WorldCom,
Enron was an energy company founded in 1985 that was in the business of “trading commodities, which soon became the largest business site in the world” (Cbc.ca, 2006). By the end of 2001 it was discovered that Enron had created a “complex web of partnerships” (Cbc.ca, 2006) to hide the level of its level of debt and to artificially inflate stock prices. This financial fraud played out in a company whose “ethics code was based on respect, integrity, communication, and excellence (Cengage.com, n.d.). It is evident that these values were a superficial layer of outward facing trust that masked the problems inherent in the company where the espoused values are not the enacted values (Lecture Slides: Slippery Slopes). These problems are “rooted in
In 1952, John Rigas paid $100 for a cable TV franchise in Pennsylvania and ran it as a small family business with only 25 customers. (Bennett, Thau, Scouten, 2005) The business was expanding and in 1972, the company was officially incorporated as Adelphia Communications Corporation. Shortly after, in 1986, Adelphia started publicly trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange. In the 1990s, in the light of a weakening cable industry, Adelphia began expanding into Internet access, paging services and business telecommunications for which it used cash, stock and debt to finance numerous acquisitions. (Bennett, et al) Adelphia’s fraud was finally discovered in March 2002, when Tim Rigas, the company’s CFO revealed that Adelphia owes $2.3 billion in loans made to partnerships run by the Rigas family. This revelation resulted in SEC’s investigation that discovered fraud activities which dated as far back as mid-1999. Shortly after, all members of Rigas family resigned from Adelphia. When Adelphia’s fraud was finally discovered, in March 2002, the price of its stock went from $28 to 79 cents within a month. (Bennett, et al)
WorldCom’s lack of corporate governance and questionable financial follies led to “Overstated cash flow by booking $3.8 billion in operating expenses as capital expenses; gave founder Bernard Ebbers $400 million in off-the-books loans” (Brag, 2002, para. 21). This unethical behavior led to even more financial losses after further investigations, and resulted in billions of dollars in losses...
In modern day business, there can be so many pressures that can cause managers to commit fraud, even though it often starts as just a little bit at first, but will spiral out of control with time. In the case of WorldCom, there were several pressures that led executives and managers to “cook the books.” Much of WorldCom’s initial growth and success was due to acquisitions. Over time, WorldCom discovered that there were no more opportunities for growth through acquisitions when the U.S. Department of Justice disallowed the acquisition of Sprint.
There has a certain situation that will occur this opportunity such as monitoring of management is not effective, complex organisation structure, and internal control components are deficient. In Cendant case, the CUC made various adjustments to incorporate the misstatement into the general ledgers and this causes the opportunity to fraud happens.
The major groups that were directly affected are investors, employees, and suppliers. Here we should make the distinction between different types of investors. There are two major types of investors: insiders and outside investors. Insiders are the investors who know the information that is not known publicly and may benefit them in some way. Outside investors are the investors who only know publicly known information. In our case, outside investors was the group that lost the most. On the other hand, insiders, notably Mickey Monus and David Shapiro, were the one that gains millions on IPO. The group who suffered was employees of Phar-Mor. After the scandal was revealed, most of the stores were closed to cover up losses. As a result, thousands of employees got fired. Another party that was damaged by the scandal was Coopers&Lybrant, the firm that did the audit for Phar-Mor, lost its reputation as a firm who does an audit with integrity. The secondary effect of the scandal was the overall mistrust among investors. They thought that if a giant retailer can forge its accounting books, why smaller companies wouldn’t do the same. As a result, investors became reluctant in investing into businesses that caused harm to the economy as a whole. The last but not least group that was affected by the scandal is Phar-Mor’s suppliers. Mickey Monus was fiercely fighting with them to make the chipset deals to cover up his losses, sometimes using inappropriate pressure and causing suppliers making unprofitable deals. In additions, Monus forced them to pay fees and sponsor his basketball League using buyer power of his company. In addition, a lot of bills for supplies were unpaid for months by Phar-Mor. Some suppliers said that they hated doing business with Phar-Mor, but had no choice since it had an access to vast amount of customers.
The Tyco accounting scandal is an ideal illustration of how individuals who hold key positions in an organization are able to manipulate accounting practices and financial reports for personal gain. The few key individuals involved in the Tyco Scandal (CEO Kozlowski and CFO Swartz), used a number of clever and unique tactics in order to accomplish what they did; including spring loading, manipulating their ‘key-employee loan’ program, and multiple ‘hush money’ payouts.
Prior to 2000, Enron was an American energy, commodities and service international company. Enron claimed that revenue is more than 102 millions (Healy & Palepu 2003, p.6). Fortune named Enron “American most innovative company” for six consecutive years (Ehrenberg 2011, paragraph 3). That is the reason why Enron became an admired company before 2000. Unfortunately, most of the net income for the years 1997-2000 is overstated because of unethical accounting errors (Benston & Hartgraves 2002, p. 105). In the next paragraph, three main accounting issues will identify for what led to the fall of Enron.
Steady increase of earnings attracted many investors and entrepreneurs. However, everything has changed. Eventually the growth rate started decreasing gradually. Many company in the industry had to report losses like the closest competitor of WorldCom Inc., AT&T Corp. Despite of such situation, WorldCom continued to surprise the market reporting profit in 2001. Taking in consideration of nature of this industry, it is logical to assume, this market bears a great risk. The market was crowded and highly competitive. In addition, technologies are developed very rapid, new innovations are replacing old ones. The development of internet pushes huge corporations out t heir niches of the market. For external auditor is crucial to look at overall picture. In case with WorldCom, auditors should raise awareness and investigate the reason of such remarkable performance, when everyone goes down. They should take a closer look what is going on. Is it successful launch of new service or product, outstanding business strategy or earning management? Unfortunately, in WorldCom’s case external auditors failed to exercise their professional
WorldCom started out as Long Distance Discount Services (LDDS) a long distance telephone service provider from Mississippi 1983. Bernard Ebbers was selected as their CEO and with his help; WorldCom was placed as number 52 on the Fortune 500 Companies in 2001.( ) The company’s success came from their ability to provide an alternative to the major long distance carriers by tailoring service to each customers calling patterns. Through acquisitions of multiple companies allowed LDDS to grow at a very rapid rate. The fraud began in the late 1990’s; the company's revenue stream had slowed so the stock price of the company was falling. The company took 2.8 billion out of reserve that was meant to cover liabilities in some of the companies it had acquired, and then put that money into its revenue line in the financial statements.( ) By 1998, their stock was slowly declining. During 2001, Ebbers persuaded the board of directors to provide him corporate loans. Ebbers wanted to cover the margin, but the strategy ...
Auditing has been the backbone of the complicated business world and has always changed with the times. As the business world grew strong, auditors’ roles grew more important. The auditors’ job became more difficult as the accounting principles changed. It also became easier with the use of internal controls, which introduced the need for testing, not a complete audit. Scandals and stock market crashes made auditors aware of deficiencies in auditing, and the auditing community was always quick to fix those deficiencies. Computers played an important role of changing the way audits were performed and also brought along some difficulties.