Contents
Introduction 2
Diseases in Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) 3
Parvovirus 3
Hookworm 3
Fleas 4
Diseases in Domestic Cattle (Bos Tauris) 4
Bovine Tuberculosis 4
Roundworm 4
Cattle Tick 5
Diseases of the Mountain Chicken (Leptodactylus fallax) 5
Chytrid Fungus 5
Metabolic Bone Disease 6
Diseases of the Superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus) 6
Avian Salmonellosis 6
Hyperkeratosis 7
Conclusion 7
References 8
Introduction
This assessment will cover a range of diseases that affect dogs, cows, the superb starling and the mountain chicken.
Diseases in Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
Parvovirus
This infectious disease attacks rapidly dividing cells within the body. White blood cells are attacked and can damage the heart muscle causing long term cardiac problems. It can be transmitted through anything that has come into contact with the faeces on an infected animal, including people, animals and objects. It is highly resistant and can live outside the body for months, on food bowls, clothes, furniture and flooring. Unvaccinated dogs can easily contract the virus from walking the streets.
The dog will appear lethargic and will have a loss of appetite. There will be severe vomiting and diarrhoea, which can cause severe de-hydration. (petmd, 2013)
Hookworm
Hookworm is an intestinal infectious parasite. The eggs are passed out of the body in the faeces and hatch out in warm moist conditions.
The factors which influence the transmission of the parasite include the larvae getting onto the coat of the animal, they can be directly ingested as the dog licks and grooms itself, the larvae migrating directly through the skin and the dog eating a rodent, which is infested with hookworm.
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petmd. (Undated). Parvovirus. Available: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/infectious-parasitic/c_dg_canine_parvovirus_infection. Last accessed 27th November 2013.
RSPCA. (2013). Keep fleas in check. Available: http://www.rspca.org.uk/allaboutanimals/pets/general/fleas. Last accessed 23th November 2013.
SPC. (Undated). Cattle Tick. Available: http://www.spc.int/lrd/ext/disease_manual_final/cattle_tick.html. Last accessed 23rd November 2013.
The University of Waikato. (2010). Frog disease in captivity. Available: http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Saving-Reptiles-and-Amphibians/Sci-Media/Video/Frog-disease-in-captivity. Last accessed 25th November 2013.
World Assembly of Delegates. (2009). BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS . Available: http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.04.07_BOVINE_TB.pdf. Last accessed 23th November 2013.
[1, 4, 5, 9, 13] There have been no documented cases where a human has contracted the disease from another human. [4] It appears, based on field and lab data, that infection requires direct contact with the virus through means such as contact with infective bodily secretions, urine, or tissues. [12] It is unknown to scientists how the virus can be maintained in the bat populations and avoids extinction as the host species becomes immune to its presence. [14] The incubation period from time of infection to the onset of symptoms is about 5-14 days in experimentally induced animals [4] and 8-14 days in natural field cases.
"Control of Coqui Frog in Hawai'i." Control of Coqui Frog in Hawai'i. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was first discovered in 1977, subsequent to outbreaks in Newmarket, United Kingdom and Ireland affecting Thoroughbred populations (Timoney, 2011). Following these outbreaks of CEM, a ban on the importation of horses into the United States from the UK, Ireland and France was put into effect (Schulman et al., 2013). Despite implementation of strict requirements concerning the import of breeding horses from countries known or suspected to be affected by CEM, the first United States outbreak was reported within a year of the discovery of the disease (Timoney, 2011). According to Timoney (2011), the U.S. outbreak in 1978 affected Thoroughbred horses in Kentucky and the source of the outbreak was determined to be two stallions imported from France. The 1978 outbreak of CEM in Kentucky resulted in a total economic loss of 13.55 million, with about 1 million dollars lost for every day mares were not successfully bred and movement restrictions were in place (Timoney, 2011).
Normally, cows in Northern Europe in places such as Denmark live normal lives simply grazing on grass, and existing. However, there have been recent changes that have disrupted this normal activity. Generally the bluetongue virus (spread by Culicoides imicola, a biting midge) has been confined to Southern Europe and other places around the Mediterranean. But with the increase in temperature throughout the area, the midge has been allowed to migrate northward. This new pest is a nuisance and causes lots of difficulties to farmers in the area. When a cow contracts this disease, they usually also receive oral ulcers, salivation, stiffness, fever and eventually the inevitable- death (Merck Veterinary Manual NP). Because of the increase in temperature, midges have spread around the globe infecting livestock and creating terrible trouble for many farmers.
The most common way this disease is transmitted from one animal to the next is through mosquitoes. A mosquito carrying infective heartworm larvae bites a dog and transmits the infection to them. The larvae grow, develop, and migrate in the body over a period of 6 to 7 months, in which time they become sexually mature male and female worms. this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood stream. When a mosquito bites an infected dog it takes in some of the microfilaria in the blood. After 10 to 30 days there is larvae in the mosquito’s salivary gland which can then be passed on to the next dog the mosquito bites.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or Mad Cow Disease (BSE), degenerative brain disorder of cattle. Symptoms in cows include loss of coordination and a typical staggering gait. Affected animals also show signs of senility, for example, lack of interest in their surroundings, the abandonment of routine habits, disinterest in feed and water, or unpredictable behavior. Affected cattle show symptoms when they are three to ten years old.
Once your dog is infected with the parasitic worm the mosquito bites the next dog and the cycle continues. (Administration, Animal and Veterinary)
...or children. The specific way of transmission is difficult to identify. Most common assumptions have been that transmission has occurred through skin lesions or by sharing blood contaminated objects. Infected saliva is another source of infection especially as a non-parental infection. The virus has the ability to enter a healthy body as an airborne disease by coughing and sneezing, from mouth-to-mouth kissing, biting or by sharing chewed toys and candies [2, airborn]
flea gets infected. The disease fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can't
In Middle Age of Europe, people traded in crowded towns by ships. Because ships and towns were filled with infected rodents bubonic plague began to spread faster and wider (Ollhoff 3~4). Getting bitten by infected fleas was not the only cause of the transmission of bubonic plague. Contact with contaminated fluid or tissue or infectious droplets also caused bubonic plagues ("Ecology and Transmission").
Exotic animals carry diseases and infections that can be potentially harmful or fatal to humans, jeopardizing the safety of the community. These diseases range in severity from common ringworm infections from African pygmy hedgehogs to lyssaviruses in p...
This virus is similar to Ebola, because it started in the same place. Lab workers in Germany, in 1967, contracted the new virus while working with African Green Monkeys, which had the virus. The virus is described as a hemorrhagic fever. It has a fatality rate up to 90% and spreads through human to human contact. The first symptoms can be as simple as a fever and a headache, then can progress to organ failure, and fatal internal bleeding.
1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease but should not be found in healthy animals.
The journal’s report gives a broad examination of how the canine may be affected but in the article by Raghavan, he goes into further detail including that, “The risk of urban areas to dogs could be due to infected wildlife mammals visiting urban back yards for foraging and/or migratory behavior or due to dogs contracting leptospirosis from wildlife when they are out for recreation” (Raghavan 247). This information provides information relevant to an owner’s willingness to pay close attention to the dogs environment, whether they spend all day in one spot or small amounts of time in a multitude of places around the property used for ownership. The disease puts a strong offense against any dog it enters. The dogs that get vaccinations can be included in this list of susceptible dogs. The dogs that are vaccinated can be affected by a resistant strain and in this case the dog that’s vaccinated is actually at the most danger because a veterinarian may not check for it during an
Blowey, R. W. (1990). A Veterinary Book for Dairy Farmer (Third ed.). Old Pont Publishing Ltd.