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The role of women in Japan before and after World War II
What are the causes of gender inequality in Korea
The role of women in Japan before and after World War II
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After World War II , the abuse of the “comfort women” was prolonged by the stigma of their societies and the Japanese government’s refusal to take legal responsibility. The “comfort women” stations inflicted horrible violation and cruelty upon their victims, but the issue was not unique to the period of World War II. The patriarchal system existed before the “comfort women” crime, and has justified and prolonged the abuse after it. Women, especially in colonial Korea, were oppressed by the sexist social constructs and attempted to flee this and create new, independent lives for themselves. However, upon fleeing, they were recruited into a military sexual slavery system, which tied militarist agendas and sexism together. Patriarchal customs
Extraordinarily, many “comfort women” were able to find a way back, but they were not welcomed warmly upon their return. The women were seen as “social pariahs” and were either too ashamed to go back to their families, or were shunned by them. Some women did return home to their families, and kept the memories of abuse and defilement to themselves out of fear and shame.Former “comfort women” today lead lives of intense physical if not mental suffering. They are many times sterile, own very little financially and are unable to stay in their marriages or get married at all.Gertrude Balisalisa, a “comfort woman” from the Philippines was further abused by her husband and family after being liberated, and was treated as if she was “something filthy”. Others, such as Tomasa Salinog, never married, fearing male sexual violence. The testimony of Moon Ok-ju, who has since deceased, displays the various afflictions of a former “comfort woman”:
“Currently my living condition is below poverty level even though the Korean government gave me a small place to sleep. Also I have a physical disability which resulted from an accident during a troop bivouac in Burma. I was entertaining soldiers when a drunken soldier pushed me out of a second or third floor window...Now I have pain all over my limbs because of my bad back...Just as I feared, I did not marry, nor did I have children. I am all
Throughout humanity, human beings have been faced with ethnic hardships, conflict, and exclusion because of the battle for authority. Hence, in human nature, greed, and overall power consumes the mind of some people. Groups throughout the world yearn for the ability to be the mightiest one. These types of conflicts include ethnic shaming, racial exclusion, physical and verbal abuse, enslavement, imprisonment, and even death. Some of these conflicts were faced in all parts of Europe and the Pacific Region during World War II. During this dark time in history, people like Miss.Breed from Dear Miss Breed took initial action in what she thought was right, and gave hope to Japanese Internment Camp children by supplying books and
Tanaka, Toshiyuki. Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution during World War II and the US Occupation. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.
Although many of these women may need help in dealing with all of the different issues they were left to face, many of them did not and are not receiving ...
Pre-existing gender relations become accentuated as the use of sexual violence reaffirms the patriarchal hierarchies between men and women. The strategic purpose of rape exhibits the militaristic masculinity of the perpetrator and subsequently feminizes the victim by physically controlling their body. Additionally, women's roles as central to constructing national borders and preserving or denying identities exposes the fact that the more patriarchal a system is, the more so is its vulnerability to an enemy attack exploiting such gendered roles.
Nagata, Donna, K. "Expanding the Internment Narrative: Multiple Layers of Japanese American Women's Experience." Women's Untold Stories: Breaking Silence, Talking Back, Voicing Complexity. Ed. Mary Romero and Abigail J. Stewart. New York: Routledge, 1999. 71- 82.
South Asian women engage in patriarchal values and normative structure established more than two thousands years ago, continue to be oppressed by a dominant group of men. These women suffer further oppression through the strict adherence to cultural garb. Still today, media and educational system portray South Asian women as self-sacrificing, faithful to the family, and submissive to men.
By any measure, The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyong, known as Hanjungnok (Records written in silence), is a remarkable piece of Korean literature and an invaluable historical document, in which a Korean woman narrated an event that can be described as the ultimate male power rivalry surrounding a father-son conflict that culminates in her husband’s death. However, the Memoirs were much more than a political and historical murder mystery; writing this memoir was her way of seeking forgiveness. As Haboush pointed out in her informative Introduction, Lady Hyegyong experienced a conflict herself between the demands imposed by the roles that came with her marriage, each of which included both public and private aspects. We see that Lady Hyegyong justified her decision to live as choosing the most public of her duties, and she decided that for her and other members of her family must to be judged fairly, which required an accurate understanding of the her husband’s death. It was also important to understand that Lady Hyegyong had to endure the
Created during the Cold War, the People’s Army had abandoned their traditions to follow those of the Soviets (Tertitskiy, par. 5). After turning 17, all North Koreans who pass a health check join the military. Usually, unless an enlistee gives the military mobilization department a bribe, he or she does not have the option of where to serve (par. 16). North Korean soldiers are forced to serve a decade, so working in a desired department would be greatly appreciated (par. 10). The ten years of service can be very grueling to a soldier. Soldiers are regularly frustrated because they are often used for building city projects—not fighting for their country (par. 24). Since soldiers are not allowed to see their families for the entire decade of service-even for funerals- and junior soldiers cannot have relationships, many soldiers can vent their frustrations only through their actions (par. 23). There have been many cases of soldiers attacking officers, as well as stealing from civilians (par. 21-22). Hostile enlistees create an especially hostile area for women. A female soldier can be threatened to have sex with their commander (par. 21). Not doing so would result in not being allowed to join the party, negating her many years of training (par. 21). Mandatory military service has failed in North Korea. Although soldiers are
It can be set forth that men and women live their lives differently; a man spends his day working on his car or a woman hitting up all the great deals at Marshalls and Tj Maxx. The idea is women cannot live a normal life without being paranoid of rape or physical harm. Rebecca Solnit titles her article “The Longest War,” which speaks of rape and violence against women. Truly, women fought for decades for equal rights; now, women fight for their safety and freedom from men. Genders cannot compare based on their daily lives because of how they conduct their day and what troubles enter into the brain.
As it’s clear to see, life in Korea was vastly changed because of the Japanese Occupation. Many of the effects were most significant during the wartimes, but many of them are still evident and/or prevalent to life today in Korea. “Lost Names” by Richard E. Kim recalls many of the changes during the Occupation, but surely leaves many out. One happening left out in the book was the Comfort Women, which is an effect of the Occupation that has outlasted the wartimes and remains prevalent today.
War is a devastating event in which a country is in a state of aggression and resentment. Although war has its effects on almost every civilian residing in that country, historically people of minority groups and of low social class suffer the most. During the Pacific War, the Japanese Imperial Army was struggling with many cases of rape and the spread of venereal diseases among its armed forces. In order to cope with these ongoing issues, they schemed an idea to invent a comfort women system. The system started off with real Japanese prostitute volunteers, but then turned to tricking and abducing women into the system once volunteers ran out. As the Pacific War continued, Japanese forces began establishing “comfort stations” in many other parts of Asia. When studying the Japanese Comfort Women system of World War II, it is apparent who the people who suffered the most were. The Japanese Armed Forces sought after a certain group(s) of women who were seen as easy drafts into the comfort women system because of the many disadvantages associated with being a woman of a low social class and/or non-Japanese race during the World War II.
Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. New York, NY: Basic, 1997. Print.
The purpose of this research project is to see who is considered a feminist, and why, in the eyes of three women and three men. To see what they believe the behaviors, ideologies, beliefs, and values of a feminist is. The participants have been interviewed and given questions towards feminism found in the textbook "The Psychology of Women" by Margaret Matlin. I chose to do this particular study because there seems to be a lot of controversy about just the word feminism. There are so many mixed beliefs about it. This seems like the perfect study to really see what women and men think about it, at least six participants think about it.
Bernstein, Gail Lee. “Women in Rural Japan” In Women In Changing Japan, edited by Lebra Joyce, Paulson Joy and Power Elizabeth. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1976.
Domestic abuse is a big issue around the world. But sometimes females as well as males think that gender violence is a normal thing in a relationship. However, the UNFPA states that “worldwide, one in three women has been beaten, coerced into unwanted sexual relations, or abused-often by a family member or acquaintance.’(Domestic Violence). Nobody should be treated this way.