According to the American Cancer Society, the third leading cause of cancer related deaths for African American men and women is colorectal cancer (CRC). African Americans have a higher CRC mortality rate than White men and women due to lack of preventative testing, increased cancer fatalism attitudes, decreased knowledge of the cancer, and late onset diagnosing. To research how to resolve this issue the “Fayetteville Area Inter-Faith Commitment to Colorectal Health and Cancer Reduction in African Americans,” or “The F.A.I.T.H Project” was created to execute a culturally targeted faith/community-based educational intervention about CRC within the African American community.
The sample included 539 participants belonging to community-based organizations and Black churches. The criteria an individual had to meet to partake in this experiment included; African American that was 50 years of age or older, a resident within the Fayetteville/Cumberland county, willing to participate in both the faith/community-based educational program and the telephone follow-up interview to discuss their screening, and able to provide both verbal and written consent. Ultimately, the participants were assigned into two groups, an immediate intervention group or a delayed control group. While the control group did not receive the educational program initially, they were invited to receive it three months later. The participants were asked to fill out pre-test questionnaires in order to obtain personal and medical demographic information, as well as to evaluate their knowledge about colorectal cancer, whether or not they had screening in the past, and cancer fatalism attitudes. This same test was given to participants after the experiment as well.
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...hers developed and should be used for further investigation of the issue. There were some limitations that should have been examined, however, to make this experiment more effective. One concern is that the sample allocation was not random, because people were able to choose which group they wanted to be in. These individuals could have picked the immediate intervention group because they care more about their health than others in the community. Another issue was the dada analysis because the groups were so vastly different in size and the delayed group did not give an adequate amount of demographic information for comparison. Yet, the researchers did a good job in ethical considerations by guiding their experiment with the principles of principlism. They also had a clear purpose of the research and what problem they were trying to identify and find a solution for.
Jewelll, N., & Russell, K. (1992). Current health status of african americans. Journal of community health nursing, 9(3), 161-169.
The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in the Negro Male population was studied to improve the health of poor African Americans. Men were recruited for this study and were promised free medical examinations, blood tests, and medicines. Bessie disliked going to the doctor, however, she would really not really seek health care knowing the circumstances of this case. Trusting the health care providers would be her biggest issue. Not being able to communicate and understand a patient, as a caregiver would make me not want to go to the doctor as well. Annette Dula would suggest that the need for dialogue with African Americans should be recognized as a serious bioethical problem. I would suggest that health care providers should know different dialogue to get a better understanding of their patients. I agree with the three health disparities: institutional racism, economic equality, and attitudinal barriers to
In the article “Culturally Targeted Educational Intervention to Increase Colorectal Health Awareness Among African Americans”, written by Phyllis Morgan, PhD, Joshua Fogel, PhD, Indira Tyler, MS, RN, and John Jones, MD, in 2009, CRC is evaluated in the African American community. The four, working with the Department of Nursing at Fayetteville State University in North Carolina, started a research project entitled “The Fayetteville Area Inter-Faith Commitment to Colorectal Health Awareness and Cancer Reduction in African Americans”, abbreviated “The F.A.I.T.H. Project”. The project’s intent was to increase CRC knowledge and increase CRC screening among African Americans. The doctors participating handed out educational programs to churches and community-based organizations. The study split up 539 African American men and women, all 50 years or older, into an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group received the 90 minute educational programs while the control group did not. To evaluate the effectiveness of the handouts, pre-test and post-test questionnaires were handed out to both groups. The study...
Even forty years later, the Tuskegee Study continues to cast a shadow over the relationship between disadvantaged African Americans and the US public health practice. However, the numerous reports claiming that this study is the biggest reason why many African Americans distrust the US public health institution are wrong. Although, as stated, it did and still does have a negative impact, such claims neglect to see that this is a multidimensional issue, with other historical, political and economic factors that come into play.
...in to treat African American women as a whole instead of patient X, then there will be a change in the rate of deaths among African American women with breast cancer. However, these women must also decide to trust those providers and receive pre-screenings in order to be proactive about their own health, and the government needs to actively provide affordable ways for women to receive these screenings. There is plenty of evidence available that shows the problems with African American women dying from breast cancer, so people must be educated and aware of the problem in order to bring about a change in society. As Louis Giglio once said, “awareness brings about action, and action brings about change,” and hopefully, people will use this information to bring about awareness to ripple into change for African American women aged 40-80 especially regarding breast cancer.
The first article is titled Love Your Heart: A Pilot Community-Based Intervention to Improve the Cardiovascular Health of African American Women. The authors of this study include: Fa ́tima Rodriguez, Lula Christopher, Caitlin E. Johnson, Yun Wang, and JoAnne M. Foody. The purpose of this study is to determine if implementing a heart healthy community prevention program, ...
According to the National Cancer Institute, cancer health disparities are defined as the adverse differences between specific populations and the achievement of an optimal state of health. These population groups are categorized by geographic location, income, disability, age, education, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or race. These factors correlate with cancer mortality rates that impact specific population groups in the United States, cancer prevalence is the number of people diagnosed or living with cancer, and cancer incidence which is the number of new cancer cases in a population. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2013, there were an estimated 1,660,290 new cases of cancer and 580,350 of the new cases resulted in mortality. Individuals who have limited access to healthcare, health illiterate, and poverty stricken are more likely to develop cancer. This means a person’s socioeconomic status can determine the likelihood of their probability of developing cancer
Due to the human genome project and other genetic research, tests for mutation which cause diseases have been developed. The list of these illnesses include several types of cancer. Doctors have estimated that as many as 3,000 diseases are due to mutations in the genome. These diseases include several types of colon cancer in which three different genetic tests have been already developed. Debates have arisen on whether these tests should be used regularly or not. Questions including the patients= rights of privacy and the possibility of loss of health or life insurance have been argued over in both the media and political arena.
If we were to apply a longitude exposure study over the span of 42 years from the time an inner-city child is born, we may conclude that life experiences resulting from potential malnutrition, underprivileged environments, and overall lack of health education are the leading contributors to adult African American deaths. Studies show that 8 of the 10 leading causes in the deaths of African Americans are medical disease, which with proper education and care may have been prevented and/or addressed earlier in their life to diagnose and treat. The fact is Heart Disease is the leading cause of deaths for African Americans. When compared to other ethnicities, some form of heart disease causes 24.5% of African American deaths. These numbers are astounding considering Blacks make up approximately only 14.2% of the total U.S. population. The contributing factor is lack of knowledge and family medical screening. Understanding the history of your genial line specific to your race and ...
The promotion of health has been primarily a White middle-class phenomenon (Gottlieb and Green, 1987). It is critical that minority groups are included in preventive care, particularly because racial/ethnic minority group members are likely to suffer from higher mortality and morbidity than are White Americans.
"Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health." Public Health Reports. July/August 1998: 372 EBSCOhost. Available <http://www.epnet.com/ehost/login.html>. (11 February 1999)
Discrimination in health care is an ethical issue focused on age, gender, income, chronic illness, and ethnic disparities. Discrimination occurs when a group of individuals are highly favored above another, either consciously or not. In Carolyn Clancy’s speech, she addresses this issue of “It makes a difference in people’s lives when breast cancer is diagnosed early with timely mammography; when a patient suffering from a heart attack is given the correct lifesaving treatment in a timely fashion; when medications are correctly administered; and when doctors listen to their patients and their families, show them respect, and answer their questions” (Clancy, pp. 3). It is very interesting to see that knowing is able to cure treatment, but minorities especially blacks face breasts cancer in the worse manner due to not having the right resources for treatment. Whether the issues of direct or indirect discrimination occurs, these actions affect the lives of working Americans and their right to receive quality healthcare. In a the research article it mentioned that, healthcare providers’ assessment and treatment decisions are based off their feelings about patients, which is usually influenced by patients’ race or ethnicity. (Nelson, pp. 5) Relationships between race or ethnicity and treatment decisions are complex, they are usually influenced by
For these reasons, minorities often put off the expense of seeing a doctor until they have advanced disease and are past being easily treated. A lack of education, rural or inner city residence, unemployment, and low literacy rate may also contribute to higher cancer mortality rates for some communities. In several studies researchers investigates whether socioeconomic status is the reason for the disparity in prostate cancer incidence, where African Americans and Non- Hispanic Whites are the top two candidates for prostate cancer. Some results found that the highest level of cancer incidence was positively correlated with low socioeconomic status (Cheng, et al.,
People can lower their risk of developing colorectal cancer by managing the risk factors that they can control, such as diet and physical activity. It is important to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods and to limit intake of high-fat foods. Physical activity is another area that people can control. Even small amounts of exercise on a regular basis can be helpful, at least 30 minutes of physical activity on most days. Also, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
The African-American males’ decision making process when considering prostate cancer screening is influenced greatly by cultural mores and beliefs. These cultural beliefs often lead to a lower rate of compliance to free screening versus all other races i.e. Caucasians, etc. Leisiniger’s cultural diversity theory can be used to effectively educate and increase compliance by teaching practitioners ways to overcome these cultural barriers. By following the concepts of care, caring, and understanding feelings of self, as well as the feelings of others, it is possible to overcome cultural barriers.