An Example of Colonial/Indian War Strategy
The diplomatic strategy that had served the Indians well was now nonexistent. Britain won the American war in 1758, the Creeks and the Cherokees lost their ability to force concessions by turning to France or Spain. Cherokees attacked the Carolina and Virginia frontiers in 1760 because they were desperate and they wanted to retaliate for British atrocities. In 1760 Cherokees attacked Carolina and Virginia frontiers. Though the Indians were initially victorious, they were defeated the following year by British regulars and colonial militia. In the Ohio country, the Ottawas, Chippewas, and Potawatomis reacted angrily when Great Britain raised the price of trade goods and ended gift-giving traditional practices. Indians settler moved into the Monongahela and Susquehanna Valleys quickly. A shaman named Neolin urged Indians to oppose British entrance. Neolin, was a native leader who was very influential. He called for the unity of all tribes in the farm of an Anglo-American threat. Neolin resisted becoming dependent on European goods because by doing this the Indian people were destroying themselves. He also advocated both peaceful and armed resistance. Neolin stated that if all Indians west of the mountains would unite to reject invades. The master of life would replenish their deer herds and look kindly on his people. Pontiac, a war chief of an Ottowa village near Detroit, became leader of a movement based in the Noelin's beliefs. Pontiac forged an alliance with Hurons, Chippewas, Potawatomis, Delaware's, Shawnees, and Mingoes in the spring of 1763. Pontiac laid siege to fort Detroit. War parties attacked other British outposts in the Great Lakes. Detroit withstood, but by late June all other forts west of Niagara and north of fort Pitt hadn't withstood the alliance. Virginia and Pennsylvania frontiers was raided by the Indians during the summer, at least 2,000 settlers were slayed. They still failed taking the Niagara, Fort Pitt, or Detroit strongholds down. Colonial Militiamen defeated a combined Indian force at Bushy Run, Pennsylvania in early August. Soon conflict stopped when Pontiac broke off the siege of Detroit in late October. After the Treaty of Paris 1763 the survivors relocated.
Sir Arthur Currie was not a man raised to become a great general, he had to start from the beginning and work his way to the top. He served his country by fighting and leading battles that made Canada a great independent nation, making him a figure of inspiration to many Canadians. In the many battles of World War One, including Amiens, Passchendaele, Vimy Ridge, and others, Arthur Currie devised well prepared, flexible, unique, and intelligent war strategies that led Canadian troops to victory.
Not many know about Dragging Canoe and the battle he fought during the American Revolutionary War. The Native American’s role in the Revolutionary War was very important, but not well known. As a result, the Revolutionary War can come across as one-sided. Dragging Canoe fought for the Native American’s existence in the colonies. First, he was strongly opposed to Henderson’s Purchase or also called the Transylvania Purchase. Secondly, Dragging Canoe’s raid at “Battle of the Bluffs” became an issue for the colonists. And lastly, there was negotiating done between the British and Colonists would somehow effect Dragging Canoe, his warriors, and the future for the Native Americans.
... due to a long relationship of trade, alliance, and kinship with the French as well as the promise of "war honors" (Calloway, 2012, p. 174). In 1757, the British troops at Fort William Henry on Lake George surrendered to the French. This victory was short lived as most of the French's Indian allies attacked the surrendered fort because they felt betrayed by the terms of surrender. The native peoples unleashed a slaughter, which included scalps and captives (Calloway, 2012, p. 174). The Indians were severing ties with the French and the British war effort was increasing with vigor. The Native Americans began to side with the British not knowing what this would bring, which was more freedom and land stripped away from them.
The war the American Revolution caused many British settlers to push westward. These settlers began to compete with the Cherokees for land. The Cherokee were glad when the Proclamation of 1763 was put into effect. This prevented settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Most of the settlers became enemies. The settlers attacked the Cherokees, destroying many towns and killing many people. This attack caused the Cherokees to end their participation in the American Revolution. The American colonist continued to take over the Cherokee land.
The “Utmost Good Faith” clause from the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 however, stated, “The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their land and property shall not be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed.” (Document 9). However, a letter from three Seneca Indian leaders to George Washington, President of the United States, argued, “When your army entered the country of Six (Iroquois) Nations, we called you the town destroyer; to this day, when your name is heard, our women look behind them and turn pale, and our children cling to the necks of their mothers…” (Document 10). This, in fact, proves the American Revolution was not revolutionary because the Indians were promised the “Utmost Good Faith” and that their land and property would never be invaded or disturbed, but their towns were left completely devastated and halted society from changing into a better
This made the natives uneasy, and they feared the colonists would invade into their territory. Particularly, the Ottawa tribe 's chief, known as Pontiac, was angered. Pontiac 's War unofficially started in 1760 with Chief Pontiac invigorating other native tribes to revolt against the new settlers. His ultimate goal was to seize individual forts, then all combine power and overtake the settling colonists. After years of planning, tribes united under Chief Pontiac attacked the colonist Fort Detroit on May 8th, 1763. This date is synonymous with the official start of Pontiac 's Rebellion. This first attack was unsuccessful as a result of their plan being disclosed to the British forces at Fort Detroit, but the attack inspired other tribes to rise up. In the initial stages of Pontiac 's War, the Native Americans were highly successful. Eight forts were captured and the sieges led to eliminate surrounding settlers. The British started to notice the significance of Pontiac 's Rebellion. In response, they sent out two armies in 1764. One was sent to Ohio and the other to Pennsylvania. The armies successfully regained and forced some tribes under Pontiac 's alliance to surrender. Without the support of other Native Americans or the French, Pontiac did not have enough power to continue his rebellion, and surrendered in 1766. The
The Powhatan were such a large group, they were known as the Powhatan Confederacy. The confederacy consisted of almost 14,000 Algonquian speaking people inside of thirty different tribes. The Powhatan confederacy was ruled by one person whom Helen Rountree refers to as mamanatowick or “Great Kinge.” Chief Powhatan had weroance who were in charge of individual tribes under his control. In English terms, a weroance means petty chief or commander. The weroance achieved their title through matrilineal kinship. Most all of them were sons of Powhatan. This paper provides insight on the impact the English settlers, called Tassantassas by the Native Americans meaning, “strangers or foreigners,” demonstrated on the Powhatan losing their land. The clash of these two completely different cultures led to the demise of the Powhatan confederacy. In due course, how the English were ordered by Queen Elizabeth I who established the Virginia Company, to colonize the Chesapeake area without regards to the hardships placed on the Powhatan. ...
The gathering of Indians in the temporary military camps of 1757 leads to a misrepresentation of the daily lives of northeastern Indian tribes. The Iroquois, the Delaware, nor the Huron were nomadic hunter-warriors who only lived for battle. Iroquois tribes were fundamentally agricultural, and due to being inland people were less dependent upon British and French fur traders than were the Algonquin tribes. English settlement West and North from Albany and French from the West and South from Montreal made it hard for the Iroquois to pre...
As white settlers poured across the mountains, the Cherokee tried once again to compensate themselves with territory taken by war with a neighboring tribe. This time their intended victim was the Chickasaw, but this was a mistake. Anyone who tried to take something from the Chickasaw regretted it, if he survived. After eleven years of sporadic warfare ended with a major defeat at Chickasaw Oldfields (1769), the Cherokee gave up and began to explore the possibility of new alliances to resist the whites. Both the Cherokee and Creek attended the 1770 and 1771 meetings with the Ohio tribes at Sciota but did not participate in Lord Dunnmore's War (1773-74) because the disputed territory was not theirs. On the eve of the American Revolution, the British government scrambled to appease the colonists and negotiate treaties with the Cherokee ceding land already taken from them by white settlers. To this end, all means, including outright bribery and extortion, were employed: Lochaber Treaty (1770); and the Augusta Treaty (1773) ceding 2 million acres in Georgia to pay for debts to white traders. For the same reasons as the Iroquois cession of Ohio in 1768, the Cherokee tried to protect their homeland from white settlement by selling land they did not really control. In the Watonga Treaty (1774) and the Overhill Cherokee Treaty (Sycamore Shoals) (1775), they sold all of eastern and central Kentucky to the Transylvania Land Company (Henderson Purchase).
...s to the English. This war was called the Pequot War and it was as deadly as the Powhatan-Indian war.
When the English landed in Jamestown in 1607, the dominant tribe of the area was the Powhatan (which the English settlers named after the leader of the tribe, Powhatan). At first meeting, the Powhatan considered the settlers as allies, who may be able to aid them in their struggle for land and power over the other tribes in the area. These relations strained when starving settlers started to take food from the Native Americans. In 1610, any notion of alliance between the Powhatan and the Virginia settlers was immediately crushed when Lord De La Warr arrived with a declaration of war against all Indians in the Jamestown area. De La Warr used his "Irish Tactics" of burning houses and crops and taking prisoners to destroy the Native Americans in what was known as the First Anglo-Powhatan war. A peace treaty was signed, but lasted only eight years. The Powhatan killed 347 settlers, which lead to the Virginia Company to give orders for "a perpetual war without peace or truce." Although the Powhatan made one more attempt at destroying the Virginians, they were defeated again in the Second Anglo-Powhatan war. The peace treaty of 1646 eliminated all chance of the Powhatan coexisting with the Virginia settlers. The treaty also banished the Indians from their native lands, which lay the president for what was later known as a reservation. After this the number of Native Americans in Virginia dwindled to a low 10% of the population.
"All the leadership had spent their early years in England. They were influenced by British thought, British ideas, that is why our leaders were always telling the British "How can you do these things? They're against your own basic values.". We had no hatred, in fact it was the other way round - it was their values that made us revolt." -Aruna Asaf Ali, a leader of the Indian National Congress. (Masani, quoted in Wood, 32, 1989)
The beginning of 1763 marked one of the major events that would contribute to the end of British colonial relations. On February 3, 1763 the French and Indian War finally ended in British victory, but while the British celebrated the French’s defeat, colonists feared the oncoming reverberations the war would have on them. The main motive behind the war was for possession over the French fur trade territory in North America. To the colonists, the war was being fought by and for Britain not the colonies. The benefits of the victory only pertained to Britain. The after effect of the war for the colonies was the trampling on their need for expansion. During the war, Native Americans had fought with the French because of how well they treated them. Britain was notorious for abusing the Native Americans, therefore once the French were defeated; they began attacking western settlements of colonists. To avoid confrontation, the Proclamation of 1763 was passed by Parliament. The Proclamation established a limit to the greatly needed colonial expansion. Specifically, the Proclamation forbid settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The passing of the Proclamation of 1763 infuriated colonists ...
A new era was dawning on the American colonies and its mother country Britain, an era of revolution. The American colonists were subjected to many cruel acts of the British Parliament in order to benefit England itself. These British policies were forcing the Americans to rebellious feelings as their rights were constantly being violated by the British Crown. The colonies wanted to have an independent government and economy so they could create their own laws and stipulations. The British imperial policies affected the colonies economic, political, and geographic situation which intensified colonists’ resistance to British rule and intensified commitment to their republican values.
Imperialism in India British imperialism in India had many positive and negative effects on both the mother country, Britain and the colony, India. Many people would argue which effects were more prominent in these countries, and some would agree that they were equal. But in both cases, there were actually both. In India, the British colonization had more positive effects than negative. For instance, when the British colonized India they built 40,000 miles of railroad and 70,000 miles of paved roadway.