2.2. Bicycle-Vehicle Collisions
2.2.1. Collision analysis
Statistics taking from Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and Netherlands show the majority of all bicycle accidents involve a motor-powered vehicle such as a car, bus, truck, tram, etc... [9]. In Germany in 2011, 10% of fatally injured road users were cyclists [13]. Bicycle-vehicle accident accounted for 60% of all bicycle accidents, while bicycle-pedestrian and bicycle only accidents make up 5~6% and 12~16% respectively [9]. Data presented in a report conducted in Germany stated, accidents involving collisions with vehicles accounted for 38% of all bicycle traumas while 26% of incidents involved the rider only [14]. The most common collision partner in a bicycle-vehicle accident was a
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fog, after dark on unlighted sections; Vehicle speed was directly related to fatality rates [3]; The bumper was responsible for 23.4% of all injuries in bicycle-vehicle accidents followed by the bonnet (20%), the bonnet edge (19.7%), and the windscreen (14.7%); The road surface (secondary contact) accounted for 59.5% of injuries (for head injuries, contact with the windscreen and bonnet were the main contributors followed by secondary impact with the road (26%)); in data presented by Peng (2012) the head struck the roof of the vehicle 4 times from 17 [6]; a more pronounced bonnet leading edge increases cyclist injury severity; although cyclists are able to travel at higher speeds, 60% of vehicle-bicycle accidents occurred at cyclist speeds of 5 km/h or less, and 90% at 10 km/h or less; in Germany, 31% of injuries were caused by impact with the road surface, also interesting were bumper (8%), windscreen (10%) and bonnet leading edge (14%); Bicycle design is unlikely to have a significant influence on cyclist injuries …show more content…
Bicycle helmets are a form of passive protection and have been proven to reduce both severity and incidence of bicyclist head injuries. Countless studies have proven the effectiveness of helmets to reduce the severity of a head injury [14], with the probability of fatal injury occurrence also greatly decreased [3]. Tests revealed that the helmet reduced the resultant peak of acceleration by 29% when compared to the unprotected form [13]. Despite these findings only a minor proportion (4%) of bicycle crash victims wore helmets at the time of incident [14]. Another study reported that 94% of cyclists involved in an accident did not wear a helmet [3]. At least 50% of the cyclist with recorded head injuries scored of 3 or 4 on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) did not wear a helmet at the time of accident [13]. Interestingly pedal cyclists suffered more frequent head injuries than those riding a
Millions of people all over the United States choose motorcycles over automobiles for the thrill, speed, and high performance capabilities. On the other hand, motorcycles are not at all the safest way of transportation. Motorcycles do not provide the passenger with the outer protection that cars provide, therefore, when one crashes, the results are usually much more serious. Injuries to the head are responsible for 76% of fatalities when dealing with motorcycle crashes many of which could have been prevented had the rider been wearing a helmet. For this reason, many states have adopted the motorcycle helmet law. The law states that every passengers must wear a helmet at all times when riding on a motorcycle. This law has created a great deal of controversy. One side supports the law, believing that it protects motorcyclists from danger and saves the economy a great deal of money. The other side argues that the law is unconstitutional and it violates our right to freedom. However, statistics show overwhelming support in favor of the motorcycle helmet law. Although wearing helmets cannot prevent motorcycle crashes, they can greatly reduce the number of deaths caused by head injury as well as lowering taxes, insurance rates, and health care costs. Therefore, the helmet law should be put into effect in every state across the United States.
Wearing headgear has many positives, reducing injuries is the most obvious one and it could be argued that its help reduces the chance of injuries and even death. At an elite level, Chelsea goalkeeper, Petr Cech is convinced that wearing headgear saved him from suffering extended injuries after colliding with Fulham striker Orlando Sa back in September 2011. Headgear offers a form of padding when worn. It allows juniors and elite athlete’s the reduced chance of head wounds. By this it means it allows for less “cracked skulls”, scars, wounds and so on. It gives a stronger protection on the softer part of the skull which is more prone to damage...
For children in this group, a helmet can save you or reduce the severity of the damage via 53%. The same studies, cited using the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, show a forty-four% prevention and reduction in injury among adults.
According to the Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, "automobile crashes are the leading cause of death for those aged 3 to 33, with 43,005 (118 per day) Americans killed in 2002 alone" (Clayton, Helms, Simpson, 2006). Worldwide, vehicle accidents consist of 1.2 millions deaths per year, "behind only childhood infections and AIDS as cause of death amount people aged 5 to 30 years old" (Clayton., 2006). The annual cost of road accidents is estimated about $518 billion"(Factor, Yair, Mahalel, 2013). The fact alone of being in a moving, heavy vehicle is a danger in itself but individuals that do not wear their seat belts, talk on the phone, text, and do other distracting behavior also put themselves in even more harmful situations.
injury by only 20 percent compared to not wearing a helmet. Of the 10 helmet brands tested,
When going over the studies it states that the most common types of ATV accidents are having to do with your waist and up (CPSC Blogger). During the years 2010 through 2011, thirty six percent of the accidents were head injuries. Also during this time, eighteen percent had injuries to their spinal cord and twenty-eight percent had head or neck injuries. It was found that sixty-six percent of the patients who were injured in the study were not wearing a helmet. Studies further suggest that helmets were known to lower the risk of fatal head injuries by as much as forty-two percent and the risk of nonfatal head injuries by as much as sixty-four percent. For example, “A child who runs into a tree riding a Big Wheel is very different from a child who runs into a tree driving an eight hundred pound ATV”(Mayo Foundation). My family members are very active outdoorsmen and it is a practice with my family to always make sure that everyone is aware of all the rules of driving an ATV as well as having all the appropriate equipment to ride the vehicle safely. Wearing a helmet is something that is stressed by my parents to have on at all times when operating the ATV. They also make sure that we are aware of the surroundings that we will be riding through on that day. So we do follow the above safety steps and ...
Ever since the invention of the automobile, numerous efforts have been employed to try and improve its safety features. Judging by the current statistics, one could argue that driving has so far turned out to be a risky business. In actual fact, people of all ages and social status are considered to be in control of lethal weapons whenever they have to drive. According to the National Safety Council, it is estimated that more than 41,000 people lose their lives in road accidents annually and no less than 2 million more suffer from serious life threatening injuries (2009). Furthermore, it is estimated that at least 50% of the people killed in road accidents is as a result of their failure to adhere to safety measures such as wearing seatbelts while driving, driving under the influence, or careless driving (Ingalls, “Defensive Driving Strategies”). As an effect, huge losses occur with respect to life, injuries sustained, and damage to property.
Assistant City Manager Mike Wanchick said, "A helmet seems to give a false sense of security to the cyclist, who feel less vulnerable and may ride less cautiously," He then went on to add. "As a result, riders wearing a helmet are more likely to have an accident." (Post) Now, the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute (BHSI) statistics show four states accounted for 40 percent of bicycle deaths in 2000, With Texas as one of them. Yet, Wanchick says that "our basic position is that bicycle safety is a parents' primary obligation," adding " What hurts kids are cars and we need to be working the traffic citations out there* people who are licensed to drive cars, not kids learning to ride bicycles." (Post) Even though 10 of the largest cities in Texas have bicycle-helmet ordinances including Dallas and Fort Worth. But, Richardson Texas choose to not act on this issue, but turn a blind eye to one of the silent injuries and the prevention of it by wearing a simple helmet. The BHSI says the statistics show about 800 bicyclists die in the US every year. Plus another one in eight of the cyclists injured has a brain injury.
While the use of helmets does aid in protecting players from brain trauma, they also increase the risky behavior of players; this is called risk compensation. Risk compensation is the adjustment of individual behavior, responding to the perceived changes in risk (TheFreeDictionary.com). Most people that wear helmets have a pre-conceived idea that, because they have a helmet on, they can possess more daring behaviors and be fine. The helmet is basically thought of as a tool to hit harder, or improve performance in today’s culture. Adventure writer and pilot, Lane Wallace (2011) accurately understands the dangers of helmets being used incorrectly, and how they are used as weapons instead of safety. Wallace also theorizes like the NFL, a change in football culture and of viewpoints towards helmets would vastly reduce trauma to the
In the United States, the incidences of the head injuries are estimated to be 200 cases per 100,000 persons per year. The rate shows that half a million cases reported every year, but it sad that 15% of the patients succumb to the injury. Traumatic injuries remain the leading cause of death in both children and the adults. Again traumatic brain injuries result in more deaths that other trauma to other body parts. Motor vehicles are the leading cause of the close head injuries, and alcohol contributes to up to 38% of all the severe cases involving the young patients. Annually mortality from the closed head injuries is about 100,000 patients, as that is not enough, permanent disabilities from the survivors ranges 10-100% depending on the severity of the accident producing 90000 newly disabled patients annually. “The head injuries cost the United States $75-100 billion annually as some of this injuries require
The opponents of helmet laws seem to have a good argument. Helmet use cannot prevent an accident and Department of Transportation statistics indicate seventy five percent of bicycle related deaths are in collisions with motor vehicles (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons 2), which implies the real problem is with automobile drivers causing accidents with bikes.
Next, many people have either died or have been injured in motor vehicle accidents, each year there are about 5 million people injured in vehicle related accidents (The Environmental Impact of Automobiles). Although this all m...
II. According to the Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, bicycle related crashes kill about 900 people a year and injure over half a million. Most bicycle deaths or accidents occur between 3-9 pm, and most often occur during the summer months. We can prevent these numbers by: wearing protective equipment, obeying the rules of the road, and being aware of your surroundings.
People ride bicycles for various reasons. Some people ride bicycles for sport, fitness purposes, as a mode of transportation, fun activity, and some people ride bikes to simply relax and clear their mind after a long day. Regardless of the reason you ride, it is important to know the factors that contribute to bicycle and helmet safety. A study in 2014 shows that 103.7 million people rode a bike that year and 34 percent of Americans age three or older rode a bike at least once in that year (“Study: 103.7 Million Americans Ride Bikes”). The importance of bicycle safety cannot be underestimated. According to the 2008 Alabama Traffic Crash Facts, there were 182 bicycle crash injuries and four fatalities. In 2008, children 14 years old and under
not a luxury, so people of every class will be compelled to buy our product. We will pilot run our product and the result is successful. A motorcycle helmet is a type of protective headgear used by motorcycle riders. The primary goal of a motorcycle helmet is safety, to protect the rider's head during impact, thus preventing or reducing head injury and saving the rider's life. All over the world laws and regulations require cyclists to wear a helmet in certain circumstances, typically when riding on the road. In Pakistan there are many accidents that occur while attending phone calls during riding which cause serious accidents because while attending the call the rider takes support of their shoulder which divides their attention