Introduction: Colligative Properties:Properties that depend on the concentration of solute molecules or ions. Colligative properties include vapor pressure, boiling point and freezing point. The strongest of these forces is ionic followed by polar and nonpolar, which is the weakest. The stronger the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point and the weaker the intermolecular forces the higher the melting point. An example in the real world of this effect is pure NaCl’s boiling point which is over 1000°C and antifreeze, which we use daily, has a freezing point that is roughly negative 40°C. Objective: We did this lab to observe and better understand the effects of intermolecular forces and the colligative properties in different liquids. …show more content…
Part lb Discussion: The results that we got were not expected as it has almost no correlation with boiling point, polar or nonpolar, or even size. This lack of a correlation is surprising as these rates would be determined by the factors we listed, this leads us to the conclusion that there must have been an error during the setup of Part lb but we can’t pinpoint the where this error may have occurred. Regardless of these errors we can still make assumptions even though we failed to observe them; we would expect that the water would take the longest to evaporate because of its high boiling point but it would also have the lowest ∆T because of its low mass (18.01528(33) g/mol), this low mass means that it wouldn't take too much energy to start evaporation but it would take a while because of the high boiling point. We were actually correct on this one relative to our other liquids. We would next expect ethanol (to have the lowest change in temperature) because of its slightly higher boiling point and molar mass (46.07 g/mol), it is also polar as it as a distinct O-H “tail” attached to one of the carbons. We then would expect acetone as it has the next lowest mass and boiling point as well as also being polar but less so than ethanol and H2O. The final one we would expect would be hexane (to have the highest change in temperature) because it has the highest mass at 86.18 g·mol−1, the highest boiling point (excluding water) and the fact that it is the only nonpolar
A characteristic property can help identify a substance. A characteristic property will never change even when the volume of a substance is varied. A characteristic property also does not change when a substance changes state in matter. A physical property cannot identify a substance. A physical property will change when the volume of a substance is varied. It can also change when the substance changes state in matter. For example, if the volume and mass of a substance changes then the physical appearance will also change. However, the density, which is a characteristic property, will not change at all. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature that a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The boiling point of a substance is a characteristic property because the boiling point of a substance will never change even when the volume and mass changes. The only thing that will change is the time that it takes to reach that temperature. If the mass and volume of the substance is small, then it will take a small amount of time for the substance to reach the temperature. However if the mass and volume of the substance is larger, then it will take a longer time to reach the temperature. The purpose of this lab was to see if when the volume of a substance changes so does the boiling point.
Common salt is another word for table salt. Table salt was researched to have the most of sodium chloride and actually has ninety-nine point nine percent (“Natural sea salt - will not cause high blood pressure”, n.d.). The researcher thinks it will increase the boiling point in water the most because it has the highest amount of sodium chloride present. Common salt is said to be the most used matter in the chemical world. Salt is translucent and can create electricity if melted. It is also known to melt ice or snow because it can be added to water to create a mixture that has a lower freezing point than purified water (Aasen, et Al 1999).
Hydrochloric acid is polar substance and has a linear shape with an electronegativity difference of 0.9; it has weak dipole-dipole forces/bonds between its molecules (intermolecular forces) and polar covalent forces/bonds between the chloride and hydrogen ions (Intramolecular forces). (5) HCl has a molar mass of 36.4609 g.mol-1. HCl is fully miscible in water as it forms hydrogen bonds with the water. Hydrochloric acid has a melting point of 247K and a boiling point of 321K if in a 38% solution. 17
In a phenomenon termed the “hydrophobic effect”, 4 surfactants act the way they do in
Food technologist are those who make sure food are produced legally and safely. They modify foods to make them fat-free and to make ready meals. They also work with newly discovered ingredients as well as existing ingredients to make new recipes.
Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of another substance at constant temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed in terms of maximum volume or mass of the solute that dissolve in a given volume or mass of a solvent. Traditionally the equilibrium solubility at a given pH and temperature is determined by the shake flask method. According to this method the compound is added in surplus to a certain medium and shaken at a predetermined time. The saturation is confirmed by observation of the presence of un-dissolved material. Saturation can also be reached if the solvent and excess solute is heated and then allowed to cool to the given temperature. After filtration of the
This software enables you to simulate experiments. This means that I am able to quickly carry out experiments to help in planning for my investigation. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Alcohol Temperature Increase (oC) Mass of burner before exp. (g) Mass of burner after exp.
The procedure for this experiment can be found in Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual prepared by Dr. Virgil Payne.
Ionic liquids has opened up new types of studies because at one point in time ionic liquids were at the bottom of the bucket for research, but now it has an unlimited amount of theoretical studies. In theoretical thoughts, many ionic liquid creations are possible. There are almost a limitless number of ionic liquids systems, which in theory, is by mixing two or more simple ionic liquids. When comparing organic solvents, ionic liquids have insignificant vapor pressures, which basically means they do not evaporate under normal circumstances. Unlike most organic mole...
The last part of experiment 5, was learning about specific gravity and temperature. Specific gravity does not have any units, it is unitless. When measuring for the temperature, we used a thermometer to calculate the Celsius of the water, 10% sodium chloride, and isopropyl alcohol. The specific gravity uses a hydrometer to measure the gravity of the liquids. Using the hydrometer, to figure out the measurements we have to look at it from top to bottom. The water for specific gravity was .998 while the temperature of it was 24
Introduction: A phase change is a result from the kinetic energy (heat) either decreasing or increasing to change the state of matter (i.e. water, liquid, or gas.) Thus saying, freezing is the phase change from a liquid to a solid which results from less kinetic energy/heat. Also, melting is the phase change from a solid to a liquid which results from adding kinetic energy/heat. So, the freezing and melting point of something is the temperature at which these phase changes occur. Therefore, a phase change will occur when a vial of 10 mL of water is placed into a cup of crushed ice mixed with four spoonfuls with 5 mL of sodium chloride for 30 minutes. If 10 mL of water is placed in an ice bath, it will then freeze at 5 degrees Celsius because the kinetic energy will leave quicker with the ice involved. The purpose of this lab is to observe what temperature the water must be to undergo a phase change.
is impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis in
molecules its size it would have a boiling point of -75øC and a freezing point of -125øC4.
On further cooling the χT curve shows a sudden increase to 1.23 cm3.K.mol-1 at T=21 K followed by a sharp decrease down to 0.71 cm3.K.mol-1 at 5 K. The χT maximum de...
borate) and 1.0 g. of sodium hydroxide in 20 mL of warm water. It may