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Factors for coastal evolution
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Recommended: Factors for coastal evolution
Collaroy before the development of human infrastructure:
Before human intervention, the coast of Collaroy was a series of sand dunes. The beach carried out its natural process and was undisturbed by human activities and construction. The beach has always had extensive sand dunes behind them, however this did not create negative impacts because it was a natural occurrence and there was no infrastructure intruding onto the beach. This is evident in Source A (found on the next page) a photograph, displaying Collaroy during the early 1900s.
The negative consequences of erosion were virtually non-existent because there was no infrastructure on the shore of the beach. As shown in the image, the sand was expansive and naturally progressed into
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Not only has urban development faced damage from these coastal changes, however by changing coastal stability, development itself has increased erosion. Buildings, roads and homes built too close to the beach have become vulnerable to erosion due to extreme weather conditions. Furthermore, during storms, large waves cause severe erosion to this beach. Consequently, wave patterns change as they are are not naturally rolling onto the beach. Instead, they are smashing against built surfaces/structures (causing more erosion) and then are being violently pushed back.
Major erosion has been occurring in Collaroy for nearly 100 years; Major storms in 1913/14, 1944/5, 1966/67 and 1974 saw buildings damaged or washed away starting with the Collaroy Surf Lifesaving Club and Dressing Sheds in the summer of 1913/14. Since the 1920s, the council has still continued to allow massive over-development even after houses and structures had been damaged and washed away. Source B is a photograph from 1966 showing destruction caused to infrastructure as a result of building houses too close to the waterline, in spite of the risk of
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Source E displays a large wire fence that collapsed as well as damaged chairs and umbrellas sprawled about. Furthermore, Source F shows two images of the destruction of a property. The cream coloured steel fence has been completely demolished, along with a wooden structure. A rusted steel structure (in the second image) is laying on a horizontal angle and pieces of tree trunks are also clustered into a dishevelled pile.
Source E: (primary data)
Photograph of damage at Collaroy Beach, April 2018
Source F: (primary data)
Photographs (below) of a house and its fence destruction at Collaroy Beach, April 2018
Source G (below) exhibits tree damage in front of a property, also surrounding it is junk and destruction. The tree roots are exposed and it looks like it will fall over if it is not removed. It is a danger hazard that could cause even more disruption to the surrounding area. This demonstrates that by human’s building so close, the natural environment (tree) has no room to grow and is now positioned on the steep formation which continues to erode.
Source G: (primary data)
Photograph of tree damage at Collaroy Beach, April
Investigation on Coastal Erosion In Porlock Bay Aims ---- Aim 1: To find out if beach material is moved across Porlock Bay by longshore drift. Aim 2: To find out which type of sea defense is best for Porlock bay. If L.S.D. (long shore drift) were taking place I would expect to find: a) Deposition at one end of the bay and against any abstractions such as groynes. b)
It is being managed by the local council in two different ways. These include; a rip-rap wall, dune stabilization. The rip-rap wall consists of large rocks which have been piled up at an angle. Behind the rip-rap wall the land use is mainly commercial, but there is also some residential land-use. This method has been used because human land-use is right on top of the ocean, and in order to defend these buildings a hard option is required.
Case Study of Hastings Coastal Management Hastings is a town on the south coast of England approximately 60 miles south of London (see map below). In recent years, the coastline at Hastings has had to face many large scale problems, including the 10 km stretch from Hastings eastwards to the small town of Fairlight. With the coastline at constant exposure to the English Channel, there are many coastal processes which take place along the stretch of beach and cliff. [IMAGE][IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE] Longshore Drift [IMAGE] Fetch [IMAGE]The map on the left illustrates the location of Hastings and also the area of the coastline which is being discussed in this case study.
There are many different types of coasts that exist throughout the United States. The south shore of Long Island has a unique types of coast known as a barrier beach. Barrier beaches are long narrow land forms that are composed of sand and other lose sediments. These sediments are brought together by the actions of waves, currents and storm surges. Barrier beaches are subject to constant changes by the same forces. Sand is constantly eroded in one area an deposited in another. Barrier coasts are important for a number of reasons; they protect the mainland of Long Island from the open ocean and flooding during storms, for recreational use and the unique ecosystems which exist on barrier beaches.
When people see new construction or a recently paved road, they often do not realize the sacrifice that was made to create these luxuries. Most people pass some form of construction on the way to their jobs or school every day. This simple fact sparks questions regarding what this area looked like before it was inhabited by humans. Illinois forests have undergone drastic changes in the decades since European settlement. Only 31 % of the forest area present in 1820 exists today. (Iverson Pdf) Tearing down trees to build new structures isn’t bad if done in moderation, in some ways with time and good planning its wonderful. However, anyone that hunts or claims to be an outdoorsman will relate to the incomparable feeling experienced when alone in the woods and far from the hustle of the urbanized world.
Longshore drift is a process by which sediments are transported from one place to another. When this process occurs, beaches, spits and sandbars are accreted over time. If the process of longshore drift is altered by factors such as stronger winds and stronger currents, beach erosion begins at a faster rate and this may result in many serious problems. The main stakeholders of longshore drift are resort owners. They rely on people to visit their resorts and enjoy the beach. However, if longshore drift erodes t...
Coastal erosion is a growing problem along the Gulf Coast. Louisiana is one of the coastal states most affected by coastal erosion. Ninety percent of wetland loss in the nation occurs in Louisiana, losing 25-35 square miles per year. At that rate, Louisiana will lose 640,000 more acres by 2050. Many factors contribute to this land loss, such as rising sea levels, subsidence, hurricane storm surge, cold fronts, and human interference. Cold fronts and hurricanes can both have detrimental consequences on the coast of Louisiana (Zhang 2004) (Restore or Retreat 2012). This research shows whether cold fronts or hurricanes have a larger effect on coastal erosion. The researcher will describe how historical and current satellite imagery help in determining the changes in the Louisiana coast. Based on previous research, the researcher believes that hurricanes have more of an effect on coastal erosion than cold fronts due to the high winds and storm surge.
Queensland coastal dunes are an integral part of coastal environment and ecosystems. Queensland beaches are known for a number of its natural icons and prominent features and are widely recognized and appreciated for their breath taking scenery, significant biodiversity, recreation experiences and generation of economic benefits from tourism. With the influx of human influence with beachfront development, mowing and topsoiling dunes, pedestrian and vehicular traffic, weeds and feral animals disturbing the native ecological communities, leads to the destruction of delicate sand dunes creating more damaging problems such as erosion. (reference)
Semaphore is a classic Adelaide beach supporting many facilities. However, this would not be the case if coastal management was not put into progress. Coastal management is a way of supporting the world’s coasts, by using many techniques from construction of structures in which prevents wave energy from reaching the shore to planned strategies. Factors of this includes; rising sea levels, erosion, long and short term drift, sand movement and marine biology. The importance of coastal management is quite significant as it will help to prevent coastal erosion. In addition to this, without coastal management the world will be affect economically, environmentally as well as socially. Without the strategies involving the management of the coast,
Surfers, swimmers and sunbathers use beaches for recreation. People fish off beaches for food. Since many people take their vacations at the beach, lots of beaches in tropical locations are important to their country’s economy. Entire cities, regions and countries depend on the money tourists spend while visiting the beach. Beaches are naturally very dynamic places, but people try to control them and build permanent structures, such as houses, restaurants, shops and hotels, on or near the shore. The natural erosion and deposition of beaches becomes a problem. Beaches con disappear over time, or even over night during severe storms. Beaches are areas of loose sediment (sand, gravel, cobbles) controlled by ocean processes. Most beaches have several characteristic features. First are offshore bars, which help protect beaches from erosion. Next is the foreshore, which rises from the water toward the crest of the next feature; a berm. On low-lying shores, dunes form behind beaches. Dunes look like rolling hills of sand and are blown into place by the wind. New, smaller dunes are often changing shape as the wind continues to affect them. Waves and currents move the accumulated sediment constantly creating, eroding and changing the coastlines.
The destroyed buildings and statues represent human’s self-destruction. The cities were built by man, and such mayhem can only be caused by man, thus we realize our demise results from our own actions.
There are several activities that prevent or sustain the coastal environment through landcare, dune rehabilitation and groynes. Landcare is one of the factors that keep sustainability in the coastal environment. The local council would place up fines, rules, regulations and signs, indicating what activities that you can conduct. These were put up by the local council, so they could prevent any danger towards the environment. Any illegal activity that happened on the environment, would take several funds and time to reverse back to the original healthy coastal environment or slowly repair a small portion.
Deforestation is fast becoming one of the world’s worst environmental/geographical occurring disasters known to mankind, and is due to humankind’s greed, ignorance and carelessness when considering the future of our environment.
One of the top benefits of a living shoreline is erosion control and protection from storms. Shoreline hardening has major impacts on the environment such as causing altering coastal morphology and increases in erosion. When we remove these natural coastlines and implement engineered technologies, we put the ecosystems and also, infrastructure near the shoreline, at risk. Over the past 10 years after a few major storms and tsunamis, people have begun to implement more natural shorelines and nature-based defense systems because of the failure of traditional erosion protection, such as hardened shorelines (Arkema, Griffin, Guerry, Maldonado, Silver, and Suckale, 2017). Four examples of coastal defenses that are being used near communities
The problem with contaminated beaches will soon take effect on everyone. The main causes that pollution creates in the beaches are from heavy rainfall, natural disasters, and plant malfunctions. Government agencies cannot control the weather, but they can control what goes into the water. In the United States, the number one reason why beaches are closed down are due to contamination in the water that may be harmful and are left untreated. The arising problem with the beach is that the industries are producing toxic chemicals and tossing the unwanted waste into the ocean. Also, the public are recklessly throwing their trash out into the streets. A prime example to demonstrate this is, if someone was trying to throw a bottle into a street trashcan but missed, he/she is unlikely to pick up after himself/herself if no one was around to see it. This scenario causes pollution to the sidewalks. When mother nature disasters occur, these waste products will end up in the storm drains and into the sewage system. The overflow of debri from the cities can flow into the rivers and if not preserved, it can flow into the ocean. The rivers will then carry these human caused waste into t...