MAIN ELELMENTS OF DESIGN
In order to establish a cohort study design a clear research question and hypothesis must be established. In this case our research question was what effects does alcohol consumption have on the development of bladder cancer? The next step would be to choose our source population. The decision on which group will serve as source population depends on numerous factors. This includes expenses, accessibility, traceability and whether or not it correlates with your hypothesis. In this study I have chosen to focus on a cohort of 100,000 men from Germany ages 55-75 and were followed up for a twenty year period. Women were not included in the study because of the fact they have a much lower chance of developing bladder
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Bias is just simply an error in how a study may be designed or conducted and may appear in many different forms. One of the most common forms of bias is selection bias. “Selection bias is an error that occurs usually in the beginning of the study where there are differences in the characteristics of those who participate in the study and those who do not. Although this type of bias usually appears in case control studies it may also occur in some cohort studies as well” (Aschengrau 270). In this specific study selection bias may appear through the data gathering process. Since we have chosen to use a questionnaire as our chosen data source there is always the possibility that participants may refuse or not respond to some of the questions listed on the questionnaire. This is known as self selection bias. Another form of bias that may appear is measurement bias. Measurement bias is just an under or overestimation of the true value of what we are attempting to measure and this is known as systematic error. Systematic error can appear in questionnaires especially those that are not well designed. For example if our questionnaire were to ask too many difficult or open ended questions this may end up contributing to measurement
The author explains that the problem is that even if the results state you have biases, people might not act in a biases manner. Another reason to limit the test is that people can fool the test by thinking of counter-stereotypes while taking the test. No one knows exactly why people develop biases. The only thing that has reduced biases is having close friendships with people of other ethnic groups. Having counter-stereotypical experiences has proven to lower biases and change how one thinks. However, these experiences will not eliminate biases altogether. Banaji believes that in order to eliminate biases we need to be conscious of our biases and make a conscious effort to stop thinking bias. For example, engaging with people you typically wouldn’t normally talk to can help eliminate biases. I like to think I hang out with a diverse group of people, but I also know that I am bias. I totally agree with the author that in order to eliminate biases people need to make a conscious effort to change. After reading this article I am going to engage with people I normally don’t in order to lower my
Bias is everywhere in the mainstream media whether it is political, celebrity, or worldwide news. Bias can misinform the public and most of the time leaves the whole story to suit their belief. Bias is when someone is presenting information or talking about a topic but being unfair and not showing the whole side of the story. Media keeps certain information to themselves to not make their belief seem bad but as a good thing. In everyday media there is some form of bias that can be small or big depending on the topic. Of course in today's society it seems that bias is okay and acceptable in the media. However people doing their job are bias and present the information to their beliefs. The public thinks they are getting the truth but media is
One of the many things that makes me happy or smile is being with my friends, but another thing that makes me really happy is doing robotics with my friends. Robotics is one of many activities that is involved in SECME. SECME is an acronym that stands for science, engineering, communication, mathematics, and enrichment. A few SECME activities that I enjoy doing that involve STEM or science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are seaperch, first lego league, vex, and vex IQ.
Senioritis: Real Disease Or Just An Excuse? Senioritis is defined by the “sickness” of high school seniors. It has the biggest impact on students during the second semester of senior year and it is characterized by the lack of motivation to stay engaged. Many of the soon-to-be graduates tend to slack off by the end of the school year.
What is Senioritis? What causes Senioritis? Senioritis is a problem that affects most seniors after they have applied and been accepted to college. It not only affects the average senior, but the top of the class seniors as well. In the article Fighting senioritis By Eric Hoover, he states:
At the start of the semester, my oblivious state of nature associating with the Chinese culture reached an unacceptable level. Implementing a necessary change, I decided to educate myself on different cultures starting with China. I failed to ponder that such a rich, deep culture existed outside America. Encompassed by this country’s unique yet suffocating melting pot culture, my outlook believed ideas such as uniformity between American Chinese food and Authentic Chinese food. After this course, my bigot perspective widened as I witnessed diversity in the world. Before this class, when I thought of Chinese food, my connotation jumped to thoughts associated with chop suey, but as I progressed my education, my mindset gradually pondered foods like steamed buns or “New Year Cakes” with authentic Chinese food.
In more familiar terms, bias is linked to being subjective rather than objectivity, having a closed mind rather than open mind, and relying on opinions rather than facts. Bias is something that happens in everyday life often; have you ever made a snap judgement of someone without knowing all the facts? If so you are guilt of being biased. Unlike these small day to day biases that occur, bias in court something that can destroy the credibility of our legal system.
It is most likely every major text on epidemiology involved in retrospective research is influenced by recall bias. Scientists have identified recall bias to occur when accuracy of recall regarding prior exposure is different for cases versus control (RAPHAEL, 1987). The possibility for recall bias exists whenever historical self-report information is elicited from respondents (RAPHAEL, 1987). Therefore, the potential for the occurrence is likely to be greatest in case-control studies or cross-sectional studies with retrospective elements, as well as some cohort prospective and control randomized trial designs (Hassan, 2006). Since recall bias is an undesired element, intended to potentially distort the study, the initial design of research study needs to implement a proper strategy. In construction of the design, an abstract, methods and conclusion alone do not restrict recall bias.
Collective memory is the cultural memory (? ) or the remembered history of a community: “Anyone who during today fixes his eyes on tomorrow must preserve yesterday from oblivion by grasping it through memory” (Assmann 2011: 17). Collective memory is the way groups form memories out of a shared past to create a common identity. The memory of a group is a construction, or reconstruction, of the past. Through the approach of collective memory we can distinguish a cultural sphere that combines tradition, awareness of history, myth in action, and self-definition. This cultural sphere is constantly subject to a vast range of historically conditioned changes (Assmann 2011: 10). Collective memory is the structures that underlie all myths and histories without any distinction between them. The past that is fixed and internalized is myth, whether it is fact or fiction (Assmann 2011: 59). Collective memory can be expressed through a variety of different medias, e.g. festivals, rituals, liturgy, symbols, flags, memorial places, museums, cultural artifacts, as well as oral and written narratives, like myths, prophecies, law material, biographies and perceived historical accounts (Van Seters 2012: 54). The memories are specifically designed to recall events in the history of the collective.
When I was selected to join the Walnut Creek Police Department’s Cadet Program, I was excited to be given this opportunity to serve the community. Although cadets do not get to carry handcuffs or make arrests, cadets are instrumental in a wide variety of operations, including directing traffic and providing additional security at festivals and concerts in the city. The program has a well defined hierarchy. Although I am a Cadet, there is a Cadet Captain, Cadet Lieutenants, and Cadet Sergeants.
Sampling bias (pg. 112) – a sampling method can be called biased if the results of the research found favors the outcome the researcher is looking for. The researcher ultimately controls/influences whether the results are biased and potentially misleading. If a researcher thinks that football players are more susceptible to concussions, the researcher may only look at specific positions where the players take more hits to the head for their research which could affect the results looking at football players as a whole.
I grew up in a household of 5 people, which included my parents, two siblings and myself. My mother was the lady of the house, so she would cook for the entire family. As a working man, my father would always have his lunch made right in time as he heads out to work and my siblings and I would have lunch ready right as we come back home from school.
A social structure is an established social pattern in a society that is emerged from and determined by the individuals within that society. Within a society, there is family as a social structure. A family is a group of people came together through marriage and is related by blood. When reflecting on family as a social structure, we benefits from being able to see how family as a social system establishes social identities, gender equality, gender roles, the interaction and connections between each individual of a family, and how it generates structure and cultural changes in its system and the society as a whole.
Throughout the semester, we have learned how different communities require different needs. When understanding each community, and their strengths and weaknesses, the nurses of the community can help out and give the community what they need. When choosing a community to research, the chosen zip code was 85206, which is part of Mesa, Arizona. In this essay, the author will discuss the social determinants in the chosen community.
I grow up from a traditional Chinese family and I just come to America for 4 years. Almost all my family members in the last few generations grew up and lived in China. My grandfather, who is 80 years old living in my hometown, Shenyang, China, had told me a lot about theirs history. My family is originated from the southern China and we were the official of the late Qing government. During the first half of the 20th century, most of my family members stay in Shanghai and Hongkong to escape violence. Only few of them had been America for a better education to save the nation in the last 30s. Nowadays, starting from the last generation, some of my family members start to immigrant to different countries such like America, Canada and Japan for a better environment.