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cognitive therapy psychopathology
cognitive therapy psychopathology
cognitive therapy psychopathology
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Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), a variant of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), is a treatment specifically designed to address posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Shou et al. 2017). In this group format, CPT will be used to treat individuals who have experienced PTSD, resulting from police brutality. CPT is typically run in a group setting; this form of treatment can be utilized in individual treatment as well (Monson et al. 2013). CPT captures information utilizing; exercise techniques in order for individuals with PTSD to express their internal emotions regarding their traumatic life event that is stored within the brain. Through this technique, clients can associate intrusive or distressing thoughts, nightmares, and flashbacks to …show more content…
CPT within group therapy, can provide a framework that exposes the client to their traumatic experiences by engaging in activities that allow the client to accurately process the trauma and utilize healthy coping mechanisms (Castillo, 2004). This method is similar to exposure therapy. Exposure therapy is one type of trauma-forced psychotherapy. PE teaches an individual to progressively approach trauma-related memories, feelings, and situations that one has been avoiding since their trauma. By confronting these challenges, one can decrease their PTSD symptoms (Lanier et. al, 2012). CPT is based on accessing and modifying altered cognitive structures, rather than direct emotional processing (Castillo, 2004). Research states that CPT has a higher rate of success in a group format versus individual (Monson et al, …show more content…
(2002). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD in a survivor of the World Trade Center bombing: A case study. Journal of Trauma Practice, 1, 155–165.
Dubovsky, S (2016). Individual treatment beats group therapy for PTSD. NEJM Journal watch. Psychiatry
Lanier, S.H., Mott, J.M., Ready, D.J., Sutherland, R.J., & Williams, W. (2012). A Pilot Study of a 12-Week Model of Group-Based Exposure Therapy for Veterans With PTSD. Journal of Tramatic Stress; 25, 150-156
Monson CM, Schnurr PP, Resick PA, Friedman MJ, Young-Xu Y, Stevens SP. Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;74(5):898-907.
Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (2007). Cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 15(4), 321–329.
Shou, Haochang, Zhen Yang, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Philip A. Cook, Steven E. Bruce, Russell T. Shinohara, Benjamin Rosenberg, and Yvette I. Sheline. "Cognitive behavioral therapy increases amygdala connectivity with the cognitive control network in both MDD and PTSD." NeuroImage: Clinical 14 (2017): 464-70.
CBT helps the person learn the symptoms of PTSD and help them understand how it affects the person’s life (Hawk, 2012). A person’s emotions, thinking and actions are not separated, they overlap with each other. This approach is used to change the client’s way of thinking and behaving into a more positive and healthier way of thinking and behaving (Corey, 2013).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a hands-on form of psychotherapy that is empirically based, which focuses on the interrelationship between emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. Through CBT, patients are able to identify their distorted thinking and modify their beliefs in order to change their behaviors. Once a patient changes their distorted thinking, they are able to think in a more positive and realistic manner. Overall, CBT focuses on consistent problem solving strategies and changing negative thought distortions and negative behavior. There are different types of CBT, which share common elements. Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a kind of CBT, which falls under the umbrella of CBT.
Hunt, N.C. and McHale, S. (2010) Understanding Post Traumatic Stress. London: Sheldon Press, pp. 13-25.
Marks, Lovell, Noshirvani, Livanou, and Thrasher (1998) did their study on the, “Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Exposure and/or Cognitive Restructuring.” Marks et al. (1998) main purpose for the study was to answer questions from controlled studies of posttraumatic stress disorder concern the value of cognitive restructuring alone without prolonged exposure therapy and whether its combination with prolonged exposure is enhancing. In the study, 87 patients with posttraumatic
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the most commonly utilized interventions for children (Cary & McMillen, 2011). TF-CBT is a highly structured intervention consisting of 90-minute weekly sessions. The clinician works with the client through eight competencies, including psychoeducation, relaxation, affective expression and regulation, cognitive coping, trauma narrative development and processing, gradual exposure, joint parent/child sessions, and enhancing future development (Cary & McMillen, 2011). TF-CBT has an extensive history and many variations. Clinicians utilize a number of other cognitive behavior treatments that have been adapted to meet the needs of traumatized children (Cary, & McMillen, 2012; Smith et al., 2007). While there are a number of cognitive behavior treatments, TF-CBT has received the highest classification rating for supported and effective treatment from many studies (Cary, & McMillen, 2012; Kauffman Best Practices Project, 2004).
Stapleton, J. A., Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. G. (2006). Effects of three PTSD treatments on
Cognitive Therapy (CT) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps clients better understand and uncover their feelings and thoughts that may influence their behaviors. Cognitive therapy aims its treatments at treating a wide range of disorders, such as depression, anxiety, addictions, and phobias. Cognitive therapy focuses on dealing with a specific problem of a client and is short-term in its therapy style. While clients are in therapy, they are guided in how to identify and correct disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on their behavior.
Grasso, D. J., Joselow, B., Marquez, Y., & Webb, C. (2011). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy of a child with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy, 48(2), 188-197. doi:10.1037/a0023133
Deblinger, McCleer, & Henry (1990) demonstrated that trauma focused CBT which included anxiety management components (e.g. coping skills training and joint work with parents) which children aged 3 to 16 were effective in reducing the symptoms of PTSD because the client was able to externalize their symptoms rather than keeping them inside. Components of CBT include psychoeducation, activity scheduling/reclaiming life, imaginal reliving (including writing and drawing techniques), cognitive restructuring followed by integration of restructuring into reliving, revisiting the site of the trauma, stimulus discrimination with respect to traumatic reminders, direct work with nightmares, image transformation techniques; behavioral experiments, and work with parents at all stages ( Yule, Smith, & Perrin,
While CBT has many advantages, it alone does not encompass all of the concepts I believe are necessary to tackle a client’s needs. Therefore, I draw upon concepts from various theories to assist clients in achieving their goals. Pulling from Reality therapy, a key concept I utilize is focusing on what the client is doing and how to get them to evaluate whether they’re present actions are working for them. CBT does use some form of this in the sense that one must examine and establish their cognitive misconceptions; however, I prefer to extract this concept from Reality therapy because CBT tends to do so by focusing on the past. I am a firm believer that while the past can shape who you are, it does little good to remain focused on it. Focusing on overt behavior, precision in specifying the goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes all come from Behavior therapy (Corey, 2013, p. 474). Behavior therapy is highly structured much like that of CBT. By utilizing this aspect of Behavior therapy, I am better able to closely observe where a client is currently and where they are headed. Lastly, I pull from Person-Centered therapy as the final key concept of my counseling approach. PCT focuses on the fact that client’s have the potential to become aware of their problems and resolve them (Corey, 2013). This Person-Centered therapy concept has overlap with CBT as
Acute stress disorder can last anywhere form 2 days to a month from the first incident-and this becomes the precursor for the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder, that can last a month or longer from the first incident. Devilly and Cotton suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy can be more effective than CISD at stopping post-traumatic stress disorder from developing (Halgin, 2009). Mitchel responds suggesting that there have never been negative issues that have come from the study of CISD when mental health professionals adhere to the high standards of the practice (Mitchell, 2004). Mitchel also speaks of that cognitive behavioral therapy and CISD are not competing with one another, suggesting psychotherapy could not possibly replace crisis therapy or the opposite (Mitchell,
...d disregard clues in a situation and fail to warn the person to use safety and caution (Pitman et al. 771). Research has shown that when affected by PTSD the hippocampal size has decreased between “0.0-0.5 which in percentage is 0-20%”, and that is a relatively large margin (Vilens and Sher 5). Vilens and Sher examined the reduction in the hippocampus by types of traumatic events and found that, “there seems a trend toward combat trauma resulting in larger changes, followed by childhood sexual abuse, accidents and interpersonal violence” (5). Studies on the amygdala have shown an increase in reaction to trauma related stimuli, and also play a role in the extent of the symptoms that one experiences (Pitman et al. 772). The prefrontal cortex, and corpus callosum both show lower volumes in people diagnosed with PTSD rather than those who are not (Vilens and Sher 5-6).
The cognitive processes that serve as the focus of treatment in CBT include perceptions, self-statements, attributions, expectations, beliefs, and images (Kazdin, 1994). Most cognitive-behavioral based techniques are applied in the context of psychotherapy sessions in which the clients are seen individually, or in a group, by professional therapists. Intervention programs are designed to help clients become aware of their maladaptive cognitive processes and teach them how to notice, catch, monitor, and interrupt the cognitive-affective-behavioral chains to produce more adaptive coping responses (Mah...
There are some basic concepts to cognitive behavioral therapy. One concept behind cognitive behavioral therapy is that a person’s thoughts and feelings have a significant effect on one’s behavior. For instance, if a person thinks a lot about plane crashes, train wrecks or car accidents, then the person may av...
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs talks about several different treatments, and how they work in this article. Two of the major treatments that the US Department of Veterans Affair speaks about are cognitive processing therapy, and prolonged exposure therapy. With cognitive processing therapy, therapists teach you how to find your triggers, stressors, and feelings for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and control them. Cognitive processing therapy teaches the trauma victim how to destress and cope with the world around them, and how to not place the blame on themselves which can cause bad episodes, and flashbacks. Prolonged exposure therapy is where therapist have you bring up traumatic memories from the past. The therapist can have you