Coevolution of Bacterial Gut Microbiota and the Human Adaptive Immune System

It is also known as the hidden metabolic 'organ'. The gut produces a variety and complex microbial community which acts an important role in human health. It has been estimated that 1000 bacterial species and 100-fold genes can be found in human gut (Ley et al, 2006). The newborn's digestive tract was sterile, gut microbiota starts to colonised rapidly after birth and continue its evolution throughout life. Enterobacter, Enterococci, Bifidobacteria, Clostridia, Streptococci are the early colonizers.

link this unique MHC gene organization to the structure of the MHC by showing that MHCI molecules have novel combinations of signal sequences which possibly led to MHCII like function. Using spleen tissue they generated cDNA through the use of PCR reactions in order to complete coding region of MHCI. They then examined the binding pocket component encoded by this data and were able to identify several conserved structural and functional sequence... ... middle of paper ... ...n the past. Evolution such as this helps to battle the every changing pathogens. References 1.

On the other hand, the granuloma presents the optimal site of interaction between the T lymphocytes from the immune system and antigen-presenting cells at the site of infection. The T lymphocytes can then control the infection and initiate the immune responses. Dictionary http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v2/n8/box/nrm0801_569a_BX2.html

Metabolomics approaches for characterizing metabolic interactions between host and its commensal microbes. Electrophoresis, 34(19), 2787-2798. 24. Chassard, C., & Lacroix, C. (2013). Carbohydrates and the human gut microbiota.

It has been used in the food industry to treat and reveal many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria has beneficial health effect including regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, inhibition of pathogen and harmful bacteria that colonize which infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systematic immune responses, repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins and

Urinary Catheter Associated Biofilms Introduction Biofilms are a type of complex growth that involves multiple species which specialize and carry out individual metabolic processes. A biofilm is composed of various bacterial species including multiple species of fungi, protozoans, and yeasts. These prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells attach to each other in interests of survival using an adhesive of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms function as a protected mode of growth for organisms, promoting their survival in unfavourable environments by enhancing colonization and the trapping of nutrients (Simões et al., 2010). Biofilms form on a variety of surfaces that are in contact with moving liquids, allowing for a constant flow of microorganisms to the biofilm site.

Evolution is defined as a gradual process in which organisms become better adapted to their environment through gradual changes that occur from generation to generation. Throughout the history of life, the human species has changed to become better suited to the environment. All of the changes have ultimately resulted from mutations, which occur at the gene level. Pathogens such as bacteria or viruses that live inside of our cells have had a major influence upon our evolution (Parks, Panelli & Weinstein, 2003). Pathogens have affected our evolution in two major ways, which I will focus on: antibiotic resistance and virulence.

Humans, like all mammals, have evolved an intimate relationship with a consortium of microorganisms that inhabit tissues and body fluids in contact with the external environment. The gut microbiota defines the entirety of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract. Primarily found in the large intestine, these microorganisms outnumber humans cells by a factor of ten. The gut microbiome is the collective genome of these diverse microorganisms which consist primarily of bacteria but also of fungi, archaea and viruses. Often referred to as our ‘forgotten organ’, the gut microbiome plays a major role in the health of its host, providing crucial functions for food digestion, metabolic homeostasis, immune cell development and homeostasis

This discovery led him to understand that phagocytosis played a much broader role, it was a fundamental mechanism of protection in the animal kingdom. Metchnikoff's further studies showed that the host defense system of all animals today were present millions of years before when hey were just beginning to evolve. His studies opened up the new field of comparative immunology. Comparative immunologists studied the immune defenses of past and current creatures. They gained further insight into how immunity works.

It also establishes how this research can make a difference in the survival and propagation of various bacterial species as (p)ppGpp has the ability to instantaneously modify global cellular metabolism in response to the environmental changes to optimize growth which increases the survival rate. The experimental approach succeeds in answering the main question of the article, can (p)ppGpp control transcription, translation and replication? By answering the question, the authors trigger the enzymes ReIA and SpoT by the different starvation signals discussed in the article. This triggering, admits E. coli to produce (p)ppGpp allowing the nucleotides to be tested for control and regulation of transcription, translation and replication. I do suggest the methods of this experiment appropriate, as the authors did research and look at all ... ... middle of paper ... ...ing of outstanding interest, one star of special interest and no stars as particular interest.