Role of Protein kinase CK2 in Central Nervous System Role of the CK2 in the CNS is not fully understood but CK2 appears to play an important role memory and learning (Girault, Hemmings et al. 1990) . CK2 is present and widely distributed in human and is essential for cell survival. It does not appear to be oncogenic by itself, but it acts as a suppressor of apoptosis and elevated levels have been associated proliferation and growth in normal and cancer cells (Ahmad, Wang et al. 2005).
Limbic system is involved in many emotions essential for survival, such as fear, anger and feeling of pleasure. The hippocampus is the limbic system structure that plays the role in memory forming storing and retrieval. It is involved in connecting emotions
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1991). In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which is released in an activity-dependent manner and important for synaptic plasticity, activates CK2 in a concentration-dependent manner (Blanquet 1998).
Process called Synaptic plasticity plays a key role in memory and learning. Synaptic plasticity involves functional and structural alteration of synapses. CK2 has high catalytic activity phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in many proteins (Blanquet 2000) related to synaptic plasticity. CK2 is enriched in postsynaptic densities (Soto, Pancetti et al. 2004) crucial for synaptic
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They used WIstar/ST rats at embryonic day 18. The cells were suspended in Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% bovine serum plated and 24 hours after plating the medium was changed to serum free Neurobasal medium supplemented with 2% B27 (Invitrogen). Electophysioligal recordings were performed after 14-18 days in cultures They used CK2 selective inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB) and these inhibited N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). Selective inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole also inhibited NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, while leaving NMDA receptor-independent LTP unaffected. They concluded that NMDA receptors appear to be the primary targets of CK2 and that CK2 plays a role in the synaptic plasticity and that location specific modification of NMDA receptors modulates synaptic
Action potentials in neurons are facilitated by neurotransmitters released from the terminal button of the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic gap where the neurotransmitter binds with receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron. Dopamine (DA) is released into the synaptic gap exciting the neighboring neuron, and is then reabsorbed into the neuron of origin through dopamine transporter...
By examining areas with cortical inputs to the hippocampus Moser and others in 2005 discovered another type of cell in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex (dME...
related amino acids are the dominant form of excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of
Zarate C. A., Du J., Quiroz J., Gray N. A., Denicoff K., Singh J. B., et al. (2003). Regulation of cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders: role of the glutamatergic system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003, 273−291.
...as long term potentiation have different roles in fear conditioning. Hippocampal LTP is responsible for assembling and consolidating context into the hippocampus. The context then becomes associated with the US in the amygdala. Finally, the amygdala plays an important role in constructing and storing CS-US association during fear conditioning (Maren, 2001). Studying these mechanism will prove to be valuable in understanding the synaptic plasticity in other learning and memory systems. It is also possible to use fear conditioning as a model for fear disturbances disorders. Researching fear conditioning at the intracellular level, such as the role of glutamate receptors, provides a foundation in understanding memory formation, as well as begin unraveling disorders that have fear as a component: anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Kim & Jung, 2006).
Korzus E, Rosenfeld MG, Mayford M. CBP histone acetyltransferase activity is a critical component of memory consolidation. Neuron 2004;42:961-72
Transmission of action potentials from one neuron to the next involves the release of neurotransmitters from a presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neurons across a synaptic g...
Suri, D., Vaidya, V. 2012. Glucocorticoid regulation of brain-dervived neurotrophhic factor: relevance to hippocampal structural and functional plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience. 239:196-213.
According to Berlucci and Butchel (2009), plasticity describes an alteration in neural organization. Plasticity may be to blame for several types of behavior changes both short-term and permanent, such as growth, learning, injury, aging, and adaption to various settings. While several authors have attempted to more appropriately define the term, researchers are inclined to relate the theory to essentially any deviation found within the nervous system. Today, the method of behavior change can mostly likely be described by the alteration of synaptic transmission amongst neurons.
First, the Electrical synapse relies on having two cells spanning across two membranes and the synaptic cleft between them (Shepard and Hanson, 2014, para. 2). Overall, the purpose of the Electrical synapse for the nervous system is for the synapse to carry out impulses and reflexes. On the contrary, the neuronal structure of the Synapse’s Chemical synapse involves the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system. Located between the nerve cells, the gland cells, and the muscle cells, the Chemical synapse allows neurons for the CNS to develop interconnected neutral circuits. According to Davis (2007), “Interconnected logical computations that underlie perception and thought” (p.17). Generally, regarding the Chemical synapse’s role in the nervous system, this classification of the Synapse has a valuable role on how drugs affect the nervous system actions on synapses. As a result, the activity of the neurotransmitters becomes the key contributor for the Chemical synapse to effectively process drugs in the nervous system and throughout the human autonomy. Defines as a chemical released across the Synapse of a neuron, neurotransmitters manipulates the body to believe the drugs are neurotransmitters as well (Davis, 2007, p. 19). Significantly, the role of drugs in the human body help prevents the obliteration of neurotransmitters in the nervous system (Davis, 2007, p. 19).
...fficient chemical messenger that enable nerve cells to communicate with each other in the brain, allowing them to perform their jobs such as thinking, learning and remembering. (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014)
Synaptic pruning is still a very vague process, barely understood by scientists, and the relatively minimal amount of research already conducted has shown that it is far more complicated than previously thought. It is a critical part of neurobiological development that has tremendous consequences on the fully developed adult.
This study promotes new research to identify mechanisms to modulate direct pathway circuitry and helps to identify effective therapeutic approaches for motor deficits2. The implication of the knowledge of basal ganglia circuitry in developing therapies could only be validated with further empirical analysis.
Chen Y, Stevens B, Chang J, Milbrandt J, Barres BA, Hell JW. NS21:re-defined and Modified Supplement B27 for Neuronal Cultures. J Neurosci Methods, 171 (2) 239-0247, 2008.
Emotion is the “feeling” aspect of consciousness that includes physical, behavioral, and subjective (cognitive) elements. Emotion also contains three elements which are physical arousal, a certain behavior that can reveal outer feelings and inner feelings. One key part in the brain, the amygdala which is located within the limbic system on each side of the brain, plays a key role in emotional processing which causes emotions such as fear and pleasure to be involved with the human facial expressions.The common-sense theory of emotion states that an emotion is experienced first, leading to a physical reaction and then to a behavioral reaction.The James-Lange theory states that a stimulus creates a physiological response that then leads to the labeling of the emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory states that the physiological reaction and the emotion both use the thalamus to send sensory information to both the cortex of the brain and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system. The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about the emotion being expressed on the face, increasing all the emotions. In Schachter and Singer’s cognitive arousal theory, also known as the two-factor theory, states both the physiological arousal and the actual arousal must occur before the emotion itself is experienced, based on cues from the environment. Lastly, in the cognitive-mediational theory