INTRODUCTION
Citrus in Bhutan is referred to mandarin as perceived by its predominance as the major horticultural crop that constitutes over 95% of the total production of citrus in the country(Joshi & Gurung, 2009). Thus, mandarin ranks Bhutan’s top agricultural export commodities both in terms of volume exported and values of foreign exchange earned(SYB, 2015).The total export value of citrus in 2014 was over 22.445 million Ngultrum with total production of 45,255 tons (DoA, 2014). Bhutan is characterized with diverse agro –climatic conditions because of the major variation in altitude, rainfall pattern and as well as slope characteristic. This fostered social acceptability to commercialize fruit production to generate income through export to countries that have a tropical climate with instable market for temperate fruits such as mandarin (MoEA, 2015).
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The crop is valued for its major agricultural commodity that earns foreign exchange and supports 60% of the rural population for their livelihood (Joshi & Gurung, 2009). As of 2014, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forest of the Royal Government of Bhutan, reported a total of over 2 million citrus trees in the country of which 1.06 million were bearing group that yielded on average some 43 Kilogram of fruits per tree(DoA, 2014). With the development of transport infrastructure, road net work and increased trade relation with the neighboring countries, Bhutanese citrus have growing advantage to increasing its production to an economic scale as possible(MoEA,
Rukayah Aman. 1998. Rare and wild fruit of Peninsular Malaysia and their potential uses.InM.N.B. Nair, Mohd Harmami Sahri & Zaidon Ashaari, ed. Sustainable management of non-wood forest products. 14-17 October 1997. Serdang Putra Malaysia Press. Retrevied from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AB598E/AB598E18htm#3743
The Brazilian acai berry has been a food staple for low income families for years and a cultural symbol for generations. This berry is vital in Brazil, where it is farmed and, until recently had a relatively small market. However, after an Oprah interview the demand for acai has become an international affair. The rising demand has created a free market; however the once inexpensive food staple has become too expensive for the low income families. This report will analyse the current markets advantages and disadvantages, followed by two possible government intervention models. The examined interventions will be export tariff and price ceiling.
The other group and I did not have an initial strategy due to the complexity of the situation. This issues at hand seemed extremely important, the amount of time given for the negotiation was not enough. My other and I realized that we both need the Ugali orange to fulfill our goal. We tried to determine which one of us needs it the most. The need for it on both side were equality grave, so we had great interest in the Ugali orange. We decide that putting our money together would increase our chances of being the highest bidders to win the oranges. We were more concern about the issues to the point of forget or overlooking our past relationship issues. The issues seemed more important than the relationship because many people’s life were going
The Lemon Tree by Sandy Tolan is a non-fiction novel about the battle between the Arab’s and the Jews, for the land of Palestine. The author talks about events that take place in the early 1900s to the 20th century, catching the struggles of both sides and the facts relative to their situations. Before the mid 1900s, Palestine was known as the British ruled homeland for Arabs. They lived and farmed there for many centuries, and were inhabited throughout all of Palestine. In 1917, the Balfour declaration was signed by England, establishing that they would help create “a ‘national homeland for the Jewish people’ in Palestine.” (9) After that, rebellions on both sides fought for the land they believed was theirs. The novel also revolves around the growing friendship between an Arab man, Bashir Al-Khairi, and a Jewish woman, Dalia Eshkenazi.
Wrigley, G. 1982. Tropical agriculture: the development of production. Fourth ed. Longman Inc., New York. 496 pp.
What is the first thing that comes to mind when citrus is brought up? Citrus has been a part of Florida’s History for nearly 400 years. Citrus trees were brought to Florida from the island of Hispaniola around the year 1579 (Joyner 3). A Spanish explorer named Ponce de Leon planted them in St. Augustine, the oldest European settlement in the United States (Joyner 3). This was the first place to have citrus because of the rich soil, easy seaport, and the right temperature to produce a successful crop.
Globalization of goods /services and fair trade has helped in providing developing countries with more output of products, selling and producing techniques that are more ethical, open future investments through funding and technology. While some have benefited, others have lost jobs and resources. Coffee the second valuable traded commodity in the markets, has needed help in this industry with fair trade. These farmers crops usually grown in remote areas, have no access to credit , are indigent and in need of funding and technology. “A labor-intensive crop, coffee grows well on small and steeply slope parcels of land. Small scale producers often with landholding smaller than 3 hectares, constitute the majority of coffee producers in the country and are concentrated in some of the poorest regions.” Case Studies...(2009). The reasons these farmers do not profit well in the markets today, because they have lost their place as the foreign exchange earner allowing other competitors like Vietnam, Cost Rico, Ethiopia, India ,Tanzania and Uganda to emerge. “When the collapse of the ...
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1980, China: Multiple Cropping and Related Crop Production Technology, report on the fao/undp study tour or the People's Republic of China, 25 June- 22 July 1979: Rome, United Nations Publishing.
Pronatur is a corporation that connects local farmers in Peru to a global distributer, Nature & More, who then sells their commodity, mangos, to consumers world-wide. Pronatur is working to modernize farming and the farming infrastructure by working personally with growers to improve their lives and therefore, the commodity chain for which they are a part. They promote environmentally friendly practices and work with the farmers themselves to ensure their success on the fields as well as in their personal lives. However, there are still obstacles such as a lack of transportation system and labor conditions of farm that slow down their progress. Mangos as a commodity are typically a cultural symbol that are associated with certain regions, but
To begin, the farm actualized the production efficiency by using the smaller trees, which require less care as they grew much faster thus elimination equipment and service cost. Also, it helps to collect more crops in little amount of time, so these increasing the gains from output. Additionally, the new technologies performed a better job than the workers could do, simultaneously, decreasing the damage to the environment. And the organization enforced the cuts in labor costs by paying them the minimum according to their skills. Notwithstanding, the product differentiation is supposed to be their next focus. Due to the increased supply from the foreigners, large variety and decreased price, people are more concerned about the quality nowadays. Some of them choose organic but more expensive or others choose cheap but with a lower quality. In case of a farm production, people go there for the quality of the offered products. Also, as it stated in the article, people would like to alter their nutrition plans by including various fruits and berries. According to all these information, not only cut in the costs will benefit company, but also the advantage in the products over the competitors’. Another good choice to raise the profits would be to pair up with another farm, which produce another product at the lower opportunity cost, so then the farms can exchange the products
...oots are sold in both urban and rural markets by growers and vendors who are mostly rural women (Onyango et al., 2013). The income obtained may be the major household income or it can be used for supplementation of other income. This leafy vegetable is available during the relish-gap period in many communities and plays a crucial role in household food security during drought (Heever and Venter, 2007). The real value of the crop as a food source and as an income source is more pronounced during the relish-gap period and periods of drought as such vegetables as cabbage and rape will be scarce. The vegetable is commonly traded in winter (Shackleton et al., 1998). However, some farmers may not be able to obtain a significant income through this trade, but even casual trading can bring in some vital income that supplements their household needs (Onyango et al., 2013).
Albeit the concept is relatively similar, global value chain distinct because its activities that spread over international borders and not constrained within one country (Mitchell and Coles, 2011:11). However, producers in developing country often face important barriers in order to fulfil quality, standards and regulations in international market. Several authors, notably, De Janvry and Sadoulet (2005), Daviron and Gibbon (2002) and Reardon and Barret (2000) have described that lack of institutional and infrastructural support, availability of resources and efficient and effective coordination in value chain often hinders producers and smallholder farmers to increase their bargaining position in the value chain (Trienekens,
The movement particularly emphasizes on exports from developing countries to developed countries, with products such as handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, wine, fresh fruit, chocolate, flowers and gold. Moreover, coffee is one of the most widely traded goods in the world. For many developing countries, coffee trade is an important source of income. Producers can provide a better trading and improve terms of trade. Moreover, this allows producers to improve workers’ living environment and future life in general (De Pelsmacker, Driessen and Rayp, 2005).
The agricultural experts and economic literati have predicted that both per capita consumption and production of the floriculture industry is likely to go up internationally. There is an impasse, an air of ambiguity and doubt among the experts in arriving on a definite insight into the forecasts for the floriculture industry. In almost every country across the globe there exists some kind of florist industry- on a large scale in some while small scale in others. However, in many countries of the third world the available statistics are either not adequate or accurate or both.
Lao society is rural and subsistence agriculture accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. Rice is the primary crop, grown on about 80% of Laos’ arable land. Laos received development aid from the International Monetary Fund, Asia Development Bank and other international sources. Agricultural production and most manufacturing production are mostly conducted by the private se...