Chronic pain is continual and consistent pain that occurred every day for more than three months (Hovind, Bredal, & Dihle, 2013).There are several factors that may contribute to chronic pain such as age, treatment, genetic or surgical technique. Surgery for breast cancer is one of the utmost percentages of emerging persistent pain all over the world. Among the cancer patients, breast cancer patient after surgery would complain of persistent pain. According to Jain, Bansal, Ahmad, Singh, & Yadav, 2012, twenty to sixty eight percent of patients who undergo breast cancer surgery experienced chronic pain. Chronic pain following breast surgery can be a nociceptive, neuropathic or both. Jung, Ahrendt, Oaklander, & Dworkin, 2003, described neuropathic
Ferrell, B., Levy, M. H., & Paice, J. (2008). Managing pain from advanced cancer in the
Phillips, C. (2009). The Cost and Burden of Chronic Pain. British Journal of Pain, 3(1),
"Chronic pain persists despite the fact that the fact the injury has healed. Pain signals remain active in the nervous system for the prolonged or infinite amount of time. Physical effects include tense muscles, limited mobility, lack of energy, and changes in the appetite. Emotional effects include depression, anger, anxiety, and fear of re-injury"(Cleveland Clinic 2013). Chronic pain can develop from multiple common conditions. These can include; instance migraines, diabetes, IBS, fibroids, and endometri...
After surgical joint replacement patients need pain management and analgesia because there is an increased amount of pain and stimuli that are usually not painful suddenly become bothersome (Scholz & Yaksh, 2010). For rehabilitation of the joint to occur, the patient must undergo physiotherapy. This therapy includes strengthening the joint and its surrounding muscles. If an intolerable amount of pain is present, the time for recovery could be prolonged and even chronic complications may result. The natural progression is that the amount and intensity of the pain perceived varies from patient to patient but as the incisions heal the pain intensity gradually declines (Scholz & Yaksh, 2010). “However, some patients experience deep pain or pain referred to the dermatomes that correspond to the operated organ, which persists for months or even years” (Scholz & Yaksh, 2010 p. 512). In the literature a clear distinction is not made in the description of post-operative pain. For instance post-operative pain could occur as a result of aggravation of the affected area by exercise, friction, or some other manipulation that occurs in the post-operative and recovery period (Scholz & Yaksh, 2010). Scholz and Yaksh (2010) ask “are the mechanisms responsible for sustained pain the same as those underlying acute postsurgical pain, or does, in this subgroup of patients, the trauma associated with the surgical intervention provoke different changes in sensory processing?” (Scholz & Yaksh, 2010 p.511)” The post-operative pain that is under examination in this paper is that which is produced as result of the acute joint rehabilitation process. The goal of this project is t...
Pain is a universal element of the human experience. Everyone, at some point in their lives, experiences pain in one form or another. Pain has numerous causes, effects, and is itself a highly complex biological phenomenon. It also carries with it important emotional and social concerns. Pain cannot be entirely understood within the context of any one field of scientific inquiry. Indeed, it must be examined across a range of disciplines, and furthermore considered in relation to important non-scientific influences, such as emotional responses and social determinants. I conducted my explorations regarding pain with the following question in mind: to what degree is pain subjective? I found several avenues of inquiry to be useful in my explorations: they are (1) the expanding specialty in the medical profession of pain management; (2) pain in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and (3) pain experiences of children. Examining these issues led to the conclusion that pain is in fact a highly subjective phenomenon.
The researchers used a convenience sample of fifty-three patients in post-surgical cardiac unit. As a result of the rigorous surgery, these patients usually experience fairly intense back pain. The patients were given one to three massage sessions of twenty minutes. The use of massage therapy significantly decreased pain scores in these patients. Due to this evidence, researchers suggested that massage therapy be used in conjunction with pharmacologic methods in order to treat patients’ pain effectively (Adams, White, & Beckett,
“The Pain Tree” written by Olive Senior tells the story of a woman who comes back home after many years and begins to think about her childhood in a new light, which changes much of what she thought she knew of her family and childhood. The story shows the main character, Lorraine, revisiting the memories of her family and the woman who had taken care of her as a child, Larissa. Children mainly focus on the happy memories which may be tied to more important topics that they do not understand until they are older. Most children do not pick up on many of the complicated things happening around them. Lorraine can now see the bigger picture of her relationship with Larissa and how large the divides were between Lorraine’s family and Larissa’s
Exploring the precision of assessing pain by using available tools in the hospitals chosen for the study by comparing them with the (COPT).
Conclusions. An adequate and clear understanding of the concept of pain and implementing interventions of pain treatment and management is essential in the clinical settings. Understanding the concept of pain is necessary for its relationships with other concepts that are related and similar to the pain experience for theory building. The in the end, understanding the concept of pain will ultimately benefit the patient and lead to better and approp...
Pain is universal and personal to those who are experiencing it. It is subjectively measured on a scale of 0-10 with zero being no pain and 10 being the worst pain ever. This can be problematic for patients and doctors because this score can be understated or overstated. Doctors will make quick decisions based on this score. Patients might feel not believed because only they can feel the pain. However, untreated pain symptoms may be associated with impaired activities of daily life and decreased quality of life. Pain is defined in our textbook, “as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage” (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p 25). Actual pain is understood by most because there is an
Pain, which is defined in its widest sense as an emotion which is the opposite of pleasure (White, 2004, p.455), is one of the major symptoms of cancer, affecting a majority of sufferers at some point during their condition (De Conno & Caraceni, 1996, p.8). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2009, online) suggests that relief from pain may be achieved in more than 90 percent of patients; however, Fitzgibbon and Loeser (2010, p.190) stress that pain may often be undertreated, even in the UK. Foley and Abernathy (2008, p.2759) identify numerous barriers to effective pain management, among which are professional barriers such as inadequate knowledge of pain mechanisms, assessment and management strategies.
Phantom pain refers to the phenomenal experience of pain in a body part that has been amputated or deafferented (Flor, Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2006). The characteristics of phantom pain have been described to occur in quick and sudden attacks of pain shooting up and down the amputated limb as well as cases of constant, excruciating pain whilst intensely perceiving the amputated limb to be cramped or postured abnormally (Katz, 1992). Approximately eighty percent of amputees report suffering from or at least experiencing some level of phantom pain post amputation; therefore it is a prominent issue (Flor, Nikolajsen & Jensen, 2006). Phantom pain is neuropathic pain that has no individual trigger but instead a plethora of psychobiological aspects of neuroplasticity that contribute to the cause of phantom pain (Grusser, Diers & Flor, 2003). The following will: outline the role of the peripheral and central factors associated with phantom pain and discuss the cortical reorganisation of the somatosensory cortex in relation to phantom pain.
Freud had a preoccupation with death and suffering. He lived with great personal pain and during a time in history of war and death. From the burning of his books to the murder of his sister and dispersal of his family from their homes, Freud experienced the effects of human depravity by the efforts of Nazi ideology. His preoccupation with death and suffering was justifiable be, but he needed a rationale for why this problem of pain existed, and how men should to respond to it. Through personal struggle with pain, Freud examined his own psyche. He had a dichotomous desire for his own death. One the one hand he wished for immortality, but on the other hand he wished for an end to suffering through death. He chose to reject beliefs of heaven, hell, paradise and immortality on the basis that these ideas were only childhood fantasies. Freud found it preferable to esteem the work of thought as an end. Seeking comfort through “child-hood fantasy” was not an option, according to him. He said that he could not “face the idea of life without work. What would one do when ideas fail...,” and that it would be “impossible not to shudder at the thought.” His rejection of a real God caused his understanding of how and why the problem of pain existed to be limited to the realm of human invention. Freud theorized that guilt was at the heart of antisemitism. He wrote, “Moses and Monotheism” for this very purpose. According to his theory, Christianity was invented in order to relieve the unbearable guilt that the world experienced. Judaism, however, rejected this solution for the relief of guilt and consequently the world “repays Judaism with eternal hatred.” Despite his determined conclusions derived from thought, Freud did state t...
Measuring Pain 1. 1. Sensory - intensity, duration, threshold, tolerance, location, etc 2. 2. Neurophysiological - brainwave activity, heart rate, etc 3. 3. Emotional and motivational - anxiety, anger, depression, resentment, etc 4.
The phenomenon occurring in the article “Exploring Pain Processing Differences in Native Americans” written by Shreela Palit, Kara L. Kerr, Bethany L. Kuhn, Ellen L. Terry, Jennifer L. DelVentura, Emily J. Bartley, Joanna O. Shadlow, and Jamie L. Rhudy of The University of Tulsa, is that of pain tolerance and threshold between individuals of the Native American descent and white non-Hispanic descent. Pain is a feeling that can cause a reflex in the body which can help with the protection of the body sometimes in the form of moving a limb after the initial stimulus. The initial stimulus of pain that is inflicted to the individual can take many forms, some of which are a stab, cut, or blow to an area of the body, this process