General Description
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is slow-progressing or “chronic”, cancer of the blood and bone marrow. CLL is the second most common leukemia in adults and one of the four primary types of leukemia. Certain risk factors have been identified including age, race, sex, family history of blood and bone marrow cancers and chemical exposure. Most people diagnosed with CLL are white males over the age of 60. Occurrence increases with age and a marked increase after 60. Herbicides, insecticides and Agent Orange used in the Vietnam War have shown to increase the risk of developing CLL. There are approximately 15,000 new cases diagnosed each year.
Pathophysiology
The cause of CLL is unknown at this time but much research is being put into finding the cause. Since the cause is unknown, there is no way to prevent CLL. One recent study has identified skewed kappa-lambda free light chain ratio up to nine years prior to the onset of CLL. The National Institutes of Health has established that monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis results in higher risk of developing CLL.
95% of the genetic mutations resulting in CLL are in B-cells. The other 5% are in T- or NK-cells. These mutations result in abnormal lymphocytes (leukemic cells). As the cancer progresses from the blood to the marrow, the increased number of cancerous cells push healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets out of the bone marrow. This “takeover” of the marrow can result in anemia, reduced ability to fight infection and easy bleeding. The increased rates of secondary infections are the result of decreased infection-fighting capacity of white blood cells.
Symptoms
A patient with CLL can go undiagnosed for year...
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...une disruption may lead to CLL. Hem/Onc Today , 23-23.
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Leukemia is another type of cancer it is a malignant progressive disease. Some symptoms of leukemia is people weight loss, frequent infections, and easy bleeding or bruising. Also chills, dizziness, fatigue, fever, nausea, night sweats, weakness, or sweating are also side effect or symptoms of leukemia. Most people have to shave their hair of and some people fight the cancer and win. Leukemia involves abnormal white blood cells these cells responsible for fighting infection. The abnormal cell in leukemia does not function in the same way as normal white blood cells do. The leukemia cells continue to grow and divide, eventually crowding out the normal blood cells. There is over 50,000 cases of leukemia occur yearly in the U.S.
With new age purpose and research for the last 60 plus years, LLS has invested over $875 million dollars to advance cancer treatments. LLS invests time in blood cancer research with various programs. Two major programs are Specialized Center of Research (SCOR) and Transitional Acceleration Program (TAP). SCOR's research is surrounded around innovative blood research in the discovery to find the new drugs and treatments. While “through TAP, LLS forges partnerships with universities and biotechnology companies, bringing resources that can more rapidly transform promising research into critically needed therapies, including therapies that might otherwise go undeveloped.”
The 5-year survival rate for children with ALL is more than 85%, children with AML have a 5-year survival rate of 60% to 70%. Reported rates for children with JMML are 50%. 5-year survival rates in children with CML aren’t very helpful because some live for a long time without the leukemia being cured, but the reported rates are 60% to 80%. Rates may be higher now with new medicines but they haven’t been used long enough to be sure.
The emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society today in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as Cancers. Cancers are a group of over 100 diseases that affects every aspect of the human system from skin, to bones, to muscles, to blood. One of the most common blood disorders is Leukemia. As defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bone that is responsible for the production of blood cells. The term leukemia means white blood. The term leukocytes refer to white blood cells, which are body’s defense against infections and other foreign substances. When Leukemia occurs there is an uncontrolled increase in the number of white blood cells. When this occurs, these cancerous cells inhibit the production of healthy red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. Over time the cancerous cells can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. They can also travel to the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body.
Government funding has proven to be essential and effective in the fight against cancer. On December 23, 1971 President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act, which promised to finance the quest for the cure. Financial aid such as this has directly benefitted survival rates for those diagnosed with cancer. Forty years ago before such funding was provided, when a child was diagnosed with cancer most physicians considered the patient to be terminally ill and supportive care was almost the only thing offered to the family. However over the last few decades, due to research and participation in clinical trials performed due to funding, the majority of children are cured. Because of the creations of new drugs and therapies as a result of government aid, the survival rat...
Diagnosis of CLL is usually straight forward. Most cases are usually suspected by the presence of peripheral blood lymphocytosis of small mature lymphocytes with scant cytoplasm. Smear cells are typically feature of the leukaemic cells due to increased cellular fragility. International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia criteria for diagnosis require >5x10^9/L of clonal B lymphocytes. The clonality of the circulating b cells must be confirmed with Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry(1). When a clonal population of B
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a form of cancer that occurs when the lymphoid stem cell is affected thereby causing abnormal white blood cells to build up in the bone marrow. This cancer rapidly produces and replaces healthy cells with immature lymphoblast. The leukemia cells moves into the bloodstream to other organs and tissues where further growth and division occurs. The proliferation of cancer cells to other area produces a variety of symptoms. ALL typically occurs in children under the age of 15, however it can happen at any age. ALL is
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. Depending on the patients and progress of the cancer, it will either grow...
Kanwar, V.S. (2013, Sep 16). Diseases & Conditions - Medscape Reference. Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990113-overview#a0156
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a rare and most common type of leukemia that is found in adults. It can be cured but the treatments vary and survival rate depends on many factors. People have a 24% of a five-year survival rate. Many people don’t get AML until they are over 65. Other factors like weight and lifestyle depends on your survival rate. AML can be a deadly disease if not treated or not discovered in the early stage.
As noted in a review of the retrieved articles, different types of medications were used as treatment for leukemia. Many research studies were conducted in order to find a way to limit the progression of leukemia. Leukemia is a rapid replication of atypical white blood cells (WBCs) that reduces the ability of WBCs to fight the infection (American Society of Hematology). Leukemia is classified into types: myeloid and lymphoid leukemia. Myeloid /lymphoid leukemia has acute and chronic phases. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an increase of myoblasts in peripheral blood or bone marrow (Kantarjian et al., 2010). This study used a comparison method to check the effect of intensive chemotherapy in older patients with AML (Kantarjian et al., 2010). Chemotherapy is a standard treatment for leukemia (Buizer et al., 2009). Older Patients with AML were excluded from the AML therapy trial (Kantarjian et al., 2010). Recently, researchers have focused on the older population with AML who received intensive chemotherapy many years ago (Kantarjian et al., 2010). Patients 65-69 years old and patients with Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were included in this study (Kantarjian et al., 2010). χ2 test was involved in this research to compare between the variables (Kantarjian et al., 2010). Age was tested as continuous variables (Kantarjian et al., 2010). In addition, mortality rate...
The disease is known by the uncontrolled growth of blood cells, usually white blood cells in the bone marrow (“Leukemia Information”). The leukemia cells overcrowd and replace normal blood and marrow cells (“Leukemia Information”). Leukemia is likely to occur when when some blood cells have mutations in their DNA. There could be other changes in cells that could contribute to the forming of Leukemia (“Leukemia”). According to Leukemia Causes - Mayo Clinic, Certain abnormalities cause the cell to grow and divide more rapidly and to continue living when normal cells would die. Over time, these abnormal cells can crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to fewer healthy white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, causing the signs and symptoms of leukemia (“Leukemia”). Leukemia is classified based on its speed of progression and the type of cells involved
Acute lymphocytic leukemia, or ALL, is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow where early blood cells are made. It is also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (American Cancer Society, 2016). Leukemia is cancer of the blood and the blood forming tissues. It is characterized by overproduction of lymphocytes. Acute leukemias involve lymphocytes that grow rapidly, but abnormally (Leukemia, 2016). According to American Cancer Society (2016), “The term ‘acute’ means that the leukemia can progress quickly, and if not treated, then it could be fatal within a few months. Lymphocytic means it develops from early forms of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cells.”
The statistics of the disease categorize AML as most common in adults over 65 but is not necessarily rare in any age younger than that. For example, leukemia in general accounts for the most cases of childhood cancer, and AML is the second most common type found in children. On a more positive note, the survival rate for children with AML is between 60-70%. AML is less common in adults because their immune system is the stron...
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and blood cells. The lymphatic system is connected to your circulatory system and is important. It is important because its role is to protect your body from infection and maintaining a stable fluid level in the body. Leukemia affects your body because it causes problems with your immunity. There are several types of leukemia that are known. Acute leukemia is the worst kind to be diagnosed with because the white blood cells do not function normally. White blood cells are the cells that provide immunity for your body and keep infections and other harmful bacteria out the body. Being that these cells need help to function, they grow very fast. Another type is chronic condition of leukemia, which isn’t as bad as acute. Unlike acute leukemia the chronic stage white blood cells are able to function normally. Some leukemia cells affect mainly adults while some affect adults and children. Lymphatic leukemia is a cancer that affects your lymphoid cells and the chronic condition grows slowly, while the acute condition grows fast. The same rules apply for chronic and acute of myeloid leukemia. They are characterized by the kind of white blood cells involved and the location.