Case Study
Through analysis of the signs and symptoms provided in the case study it can be concluded that the patient is likely to have stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) also known as end stage renal failure (ESRF). During the patient’s initial medical examination she had severe hypertension as her blood pressure (BP) was 190/100 mmHg imposing a great risk to health. On examination a few weeks later the patients’ BP was still significantly raised at 185/95 mmHg. In accordance with NICE guidelines, the patient is classified as having stage 2 hypertension (NICE 2011). As the patient has persistently high BP the likely cause of the disease is essential hypertension.
As the patient was referred to a renal clinic kidney function should be
…show more content…
Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: its arrhythmogenic potential. Heart [online]. February, vol. 91, no. 2, pp.250-256 [viewed 22 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
KIDNEY DISEASE IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES., 2013. KDIGO 2012: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease [online]. [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.kdigo.org
KIDNEY DISEASE IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES., 2009. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder [online]. [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.kdigo.org
KOBORI, H., MORI, H., MASAKI, T., and NISHIYAMA, A., 2013. Angiotensin II Blockade and Renal Protection. Current Pharmaceutical Design [online]. May, vol. 19, no. 17, pp.3033-3042 [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
KOURY, M. J., and HAASE, V. H., 2015. Anaemia in Kidney Disease: Harnessing Hypoxia Responses for Therapy. Nature [online]. June, vol. 11, pp. 394-410 [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.nature.com
KUMAR, P., and CLARK, M. L., 2012. Clinical Medicine. 8th ed. Edinburgh:
…show more content…
Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease: A guide for the non-specialist [online]. M&K Update Ltd [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk
MORGADO. E., and NEVES. P. L., 2012. Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease: Cause and Consequence – Therapeutic Considerations. Intechopen [online]. March [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://cdn.intechopen.com
MURPHREE, D., and THELEN, S. M., 2010. Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine [online]. August, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 542-550 [viewed 22 February 2016]. Available from: http://www.jabfm.org/
NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION., 2000. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification [online]. [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: http://www2.kidney.org
NATIONAL KIDNEY FOUNDATION., 2004. Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease [online]. [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from:
There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ACF form generally develops suddenly as a result of an infection or illness, such as, group A streptococci bacteria, hepatitis, or in diseases such as lupus or HIV (Mathias, 2013). This type may require dialysis to replace renal function while it lasts, however, kidney function usually returns after the primary illness is treated. Many acute patients will not have any other complications as no permanent damage is done. Whereas CKD is found in a person that has had glomerulonephritis for months to years in some cases and may be asymptomatic until the kidney has become irreversibly damaged. ARF can evolve to become chronic if the glomeruli do not respond to
Mcgrogan, A., Franssen, C. F. and De Vries, C. S. 2011. The incidence of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide: a systematic review of the literature. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26 (2), pp. 414-430.
DaVita is a for profit acute and chronic hemodialysis, peritoneal, and home hemodialysis provider operating internationally. Acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease affects millions of persons, with new diagnoses occurring each and every day. These diagnoses are typically exacerbated from the number one and number two causes of renal disease, which are diabetes and hypertension. Renal disease management requires a collaborative approach between healthcare providers, patients, and families. Outcomes are directly related to the decisions patients make outside of the healthcare setting. As healthcare professionals, it is imperative that patients and families are educated regarding the acute and chronic kidney disease, making healthy
It has also developed numerous courses that are intended to provide information and tools that may be needed to approach both significant nursing care and patient care issues. Given the scale of the population suffering with chronic kidney disease and the diversity of backgrounds in which patients are found, this curriculum may be of benefit to nurses caring for nephrology patients in many settings (ANNA, 2015). It supports, promotes among its members, and sponsors nursing research intended to develop evidence-based practice and to advance nursing science (ANNA, 2015). It strives to provide nurses with leadership opportunities, and encourages nurses to seize opportunities to advance and refine their leadership abilities (ANNA, 2015).
Chronic kidney is a complex disease affecting the kidney functionally and structurally. It occurs when the kidney doesn’t function properly or gradually loss of kidney function over a period of time usually three months or more.
Complications related to diabetes and nephropathy are said to account for 50% of new cases of end stage renal disease (...
This article describes the choices for treatment: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. It gives the pros and cons of each. It also discusses diet and paying for treatment. It gives tips for working with your doctor, nurses, and others who make up your health care team. It provides a list of groups that offer information and services to kidney patients. It also lists magazines, books, and brochures that you can read for more information about treatment.
The case narrative that is being discussed is a patient with a PMH of chronic kidney disease (CKD) who presents to the hospital with acute kidney injury (AKI). Nephrology was consulted for evaluation and management. This case was interesting to me because of the unique cause of Nephrotic syndrome called Minimal Change Disease (MCD). MCD is a kidney disease in which large amounts of protein are lost in the urine the podcytes that are part of the glomerular filter become effaced (Up-to-date, 2017). MCD is a major cause of nephrotic syndrome in both children in and adults, in children it is often linked to a genetic defect (Up-to-date, 2017). However, in adults MCD occurs as an idiopathic or secondary condition cause by an overuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and selective COX-2 inhibitors (Up-to-date, 2017). It is important for primary care providers to be aware of this MCD, so that
Hypertension is a disease that effects a third of all Americans (American Heart Association [AHA], 2013, p. 1). The American heart association expects the number of patients living with hypertension to continue to rise (AHA, 2013). Reversing this trend will be of vital importance to the health of our population. Several factors influence hypertension, including access to primary preventative care, the availability of medications, diet and exercise control, diet modifications, and self-care are required to mitigate the effects of persistent hypertension on the body.
The kidneys, a major organ, are responsible for the control of blood pressure. When the pressure of blood flow is continually high, blood vessels can stretch, scar, weaken, or even harden (citation?). Whether blood pressure hardens or weakens the arteries and vessels is irrelevant because the end result is the same; the kidneys’ ability to filter the blood is tainted and they may stop removing sodium, wastes, and fluid from the body. The toxic substances and the fluid that is retained in the bloodstream may damage the vessels even more, leading to a dangerous downward spiral. In fact, high blood pressure is the second leading cause of kidney failure in the United States after diabetes (citation? NKUDIC). Preventing hypertension, and if present controlling it, is paramount to maintaining the health of our kidneys.
United States. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine. High Blood Pressure. Ed. A.D.A.M. Editorial Board. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 23 June 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.
The need for kidney donations is very high, there are more than 0ne-hundred thousand patients on waiting lists. Out of this figure, at least five thousand people die waiting each year. For the patients that are fortunate to receive a kidney there wait time was anywhere between two to four and one-half years. During this wait period they suffer through dialysis treatments to stay alive. The traditional understanding was to only use a healthy kidney for transplants. With the need being so great a study team was formed at Yale to investigate the possibility of using a less healthy kidney; technical term, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). For the study The Program of Applied Translational
The purpose of this paper is to take an in depth look at a renal diet which is designed for people suffering from certain kidney conditions. A renal diet can be described as a nutritional regime which is: “low in sodium, phosphorous and protein... [It] also promotes the importance of consuming high-quality protein and usually limits fluids. Some patients may also need to limit potassium and even calcium” (Nephcure). Throughout the course of this paper various aspects are addressed. these include: the role of the kidneys, the importance of professional guidance, the reasons why people follow a renal diet, monitoring sodium intake, monitoring potassium intake, monitoring phosphorus intake, protein consumption, and fluid control.
Chronic kidney disease is gradual loss of kidney function. Kidney disease is the 9th leading cause of death in the United States. An estimated 31 million people in the United States which is approximately 10% of the adult population have chronic kidney disease. Dietary fiber is the parts of plant foods your body can't digest or absorb. Dietary fiber has been shown to improve symptoms and laboratory values in people with chronic kidney disease.
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.