“Glomerulonephritis is known to be an immune reaction mediated by antigen-antibody complexes.” The kidneys have little filters called glomeruli that filter out leftover fluid, electrolytes, remaining waste from the bloodstream into the patient’s urine. About one quart of blood pass through the glomeruli every minute. When these filters become inflamed, this is called glomerulonephritis. This disease can be chronic or come on sudden, as in acute. Glomerulonephritis can turn up on its own which would be considered primary glomerulonephritis. If another disease is the reason for the inflammation it is then called secondary glomerulonephritis. Acute glomerulonephritis comes on abruptly and the damage to the tissues advances swiftly and chronic glomerulonephritis happens progressively and the damage is typically massive over months or even years.
There are many causes for what may bring on chronic glomerulonephritis. When a patient is getting over a strep throat infection the antibodies that fought the infection may settle down in the glomeruli causing inflammation. This inflammation is called post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and it is more common in children than adults. HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are also known infections that tend to initiate inflammation in the glomeruli. Another cause for glomerulonephritis is immune diseases such as Lupus, Goodpasture’s syndrome, or IgA nephropathy. Goodpasture’s syndrome is a lung disease that causes bleeding in the lungs and a very rare disease. When deposits of immunoglobulin A are found in the glomeruli it is called IgA nephropathy. If a patient has had several sessions with acute glomerulonephritis it can lead to chronic glomerulonephritis. At times, chronic glomerulonephritis ...
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... decrease their sodium intake so that their body does not retain as much water. A reduction in potassium and protein would decrease the accumulation of waste in the blood. The patient should try to sustain a healthy weight by eating healthy and exercising. If the patient has diabetes they should really try to keep their sugars balanced and under control. If a patient has chronic glomerulonephritis it would be wise to have a strong support group because the disease can be trying on your emotions. Approximately, 20 million people in the United States are dealing with chronic kidney disease.
Works Cited
Choi M, E. J. (2002). Mycophenolate mofetil treatment for primary glomerular diseases. Kidney International, 1098-1114.
Keith, N., Wagener, H., & and Barker, N. (1939). Some Different Types of Essential Hypertension: Their Course and Prognosis. Am.J.M.Sc, 332-343.
The renal failure (kidney failure) is dangerous disorder which can affect the function of the kidneys. Stein (2002) defines the renal failure as a condition in which the kidneys are less able than normal to do their usual function. There are two classes of the kidney failure. The first one is acute renal failure which is abbreviated to (ARF) and the second one is chronic renal failure where can be shortened to (CRF). Gaw et al (2008) identified the differences between them as that the kidneys in acute kidney failure fail over a period of days or hours, while the chronic kidney failure develops over years or months. In addition, the acute renal failure may be reversed which means the normal kidney function could be regained, but the chronic renal failure is irreversible.
Glomerulonephritis is a complex condition. The tiny filters within the kidneys (glomeruli) are damaged by inflammation. Damaged glomeruli can no longer filter wastes effectively from the blood. Complications of this disease include kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome (protein in the urine, high cholesterol, and low protein in the blood), and nephritic syndrome (body tissue swelling, protein and blood in the urine). Glomerulonephritis may occur alone, as a result of an immune system disorder, or due to an infection. The condition can be an acute type of illness or a chronic type of illness. The acute disease may be caused by infections, such as strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis). It may also be caused by other diseases that affect the whole
This mainly happens patients who are already hospitalized. Acute glomerulonephritis is where the blood vessels in kidney becomes inflamed and unable to filter blood properly. Postrenal would include a urinary tract obstruction. Kidney stones or renal malignancy. Next we would need to perform a bladder scan to make sure its not just renal retention, monitor for 50-100mls for neurogenic bladder. To be sure it is an acute renal failure diagnoses test will be performed. A serum creatinine level you compare the patient creatinine level with previous levels to determine the duration and how long the kidneys have been failing, its usually a rise in creatinine has occurred in the first 48 hours. A complete blood count will show if there is acute hemolytic anemia with the peripheral smear showing schistocytes in the setting of acute kidney injury should raise the possibility of hemolytic uremic
Acute Renal Failure is an abrupt or rapid decline in Renal filtration function. Acute tubular necrosis is one of the most common causes of acute kidney failure and it has a high mortality rate of around 50 percentage. It causes damage to the tubular portion of the nephron. An etiology of acute tubular necrosis Cn be varied, the common factor is that there is a reduction of oxygen and nutrients to be active to tubular cells, which result in ina lack of cell function and patchy necrosis. The tubular cells will regenerate at the basement membrane level. The aim is to keep the patient alive and well during this regeneration phase and almost full recovery can be made provided the appropriate and timely treatment is undertaken. When the kidney sustains
If damage to the kidney continues, eventually the nephrons well die and total kidney failure will result. The acute form develops suddenly. The condition may develop after an infection in the throat or skin and symptoms commonly include facial puffiness, urine retention and bloody urine. Shortness of breath may also occur as a build up of fluid occurs around the lungs. Ordinarily acute glomerulonephritis will cease on its own, though dialysis is sometimes required for those afflicted who have a large amount of extra fluid within the body. Two further conditions are associated with this disease and those are nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by the presence of proteinuria within the urine and this release of protein from the body can adversely affect osmotic processes in the body, leading towards irregular dehydration of the cells and pooling of fluids elsewhere in the body in the form of oedema, mainly noticeable within the face and
Mostly the ultimate goal is to slow the progression of the disease by helping the patient maintain body status and functions within normal limits. Treating underlying causes and contributing factors such as diabetes mellitus, blood pressure, urine output, dietary intake and fluid retention are all connected to goals that may be met. Maintaining blood glucose control for patients with diabetes mellitus will help maintain kidney flow without overusing the effectiveness of filtering out more glucose than it can handle. Blood pressure is connected to many things, helping a patient maintain normal blood pressure may consist of taking daily medications, ambulating, or restricting certain foods. Treating the complications of End Stage Renal Disease such as anemia that derive from main disease will help the patient regress in a better way even though the disease is incurable. Replacing lost kidney function such as dialysis or kidney transplant will motivate the patient to take part in reaching or helping maintain these
The typical patient presents with glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis, which are inflammatory pathologies of the small vessels of the kidneys and lungs, respectively. Due to its ability to cause the aforementioned pathologies, MPA acts as a predisposing factor for the development of pulmonary-renal-syndrome. This syndrome includes Goodpasture Syndrome (a rare autoimmune disorder that allows for the destruction of the basement membrane in the lungs and kidneys by antibodies), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (an autoimmune mediated disorder affecting the kidneys, skin, joints and other healthy tissue/organs) and Wegner’s Granulomatosis, which is discussed in the following
Acute renal failure also known as acute kidney injury occurs when there is a sudden decline in kidney function. During acute renal failure there is also an elevation in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level as there is a decrease in glomerular filtration and an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 754). The level of kidney injury is classified and diagnosis by using the acronym RIFLE. RIFLE stands for risk, injury, failure, loss and end-stage kidney disease. The three stages of kidney injury are renal insufficiency, renal failure, and end-stage renal failure. Renal insufficiency is when there is a 25% decline in renal function or when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 25 to 30
The kidneys are organs that play an important role in the urinary system. At the site of the glomerulus, waste products and water filter into the proximal convoluted tubule and go through the urinary system. Blood and proteins are not able to bypass the filtration system. They go from the afferent arteriole, into the glomerulus and then leaving in the efferent arteriole (Figure 1). Some people have problems with their filtration system and develop nephrotic syndrome. This is when the kidney filter is damaged and allows numerous amounts of proteins to bypass into the proximal convoluted tube. This reduces the amount of proteins that are in the bloodstream. Proteins are used to keep fluid in the bloodstream. Without it, the fluid can leak out into the tissues and cause swelling which is also called edema (Figure 1).
Nephrotic syndrome occurs when the kidneys' filters (glomeruli) are damaged. Glomeruli remove toxins and waste products from the bloodstream. As a result of damaged glomeruli, essential products such as proteins may also be removed from the bloodstream. The loss of proteins and other substances the body needs causes nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome may increase your
Many other diseases and conditions can damage the kidneys, for example, birth conditions like polycystic kidney disease; arteritis; injury or trauma; kidneys infections; stones; reflux; tobacco use. Not only that but, some medications for pain like non-steroidal medications, opiates; drugs like cocaine; toxics chemical. And also certain auto immune disorders like lupus or scleroderma. But, the most common causes of end stage renal disease in the United States are diabetes and high blood pressure. Diabetes is the biggest risk factors for developing the disease, one third of people that develop the disease have
As the kidneys regulate the quantity of fluid which leaves the body, patients who suffer from kidney disease progression, may be not be able to regularize fluid removal from their body. Due to this scenario, their physician or specialist may ask them to reduce their intake of fluid. Lowering daily fluid intake for the renal diet involves: not drinking to socialize or from habit, only having a drink when thirsty, and sucking on a wedge of lemon or chips of ice. It also entails taking measures for monitoring the quantity of fluid that is drunk. This is done by measuring a regularly used glass or cup to measure the quantity of fluid it holds, as well as placing the recommended daily quantity of water into a specific container, and then only taking the fluid that is consumed from this. This insures that the recommended amount is not exceeded (Medical
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide problem that is currently three times higher for African Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and seniors (The National Kidney Foundation, 2013). CKD occurs when the kidneys are damaged by a pathogen or injury and they can no longer adequately maintain proper levels of regulated chemicals in the bloodstream. There are many risk associated with CKD. According to the National Kidney Foundation, two of the major risks are Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) and Cardiovascular Disease. Currently twenty million American adults have CKD and millions of others are at increased risk. Age has no barrier on getting CKD. People with pre-existing health issues, and a part of certain population groups, are more often than not, likely to develop kidney disease. The main system involved in CKD is the Urinary System; however the Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Digestive Systems are unfortunately adversely affected. This paper will concentrate on the effects of CKD on the Urinary System, with only brief introductions to the other systems.
Chronic kidney disease is gradual loss of kidney function. Kidney disease is the 9th leading cause of death in the United States. An estimated 31 million people in the United States which is approximately 10% of the adult population have chronic kidney disease. Dietary fiber is the parts of plant foods your body can't digest or absorb. Dietary fiber has been shown to improve symptoms and laboratory values in people with chronic kidney disease.
It can also help to control diabetes. If this treatment does not work, dialysis or kidney transplant can be options.