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acute and chronic asthma pathophysiology
acute and chronic asthma pathophysiology
acute and chronic asthma pathophysiology
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Recommended: acute and chronic asthma pathophysiology
Asthma is a disease with the potential of causing acute or chronic blockage in the lungs of a person with hypersensitive airways. Acute referring to a single episode, and chronic referring to the long-term condition. This disease is controlled by temporary recurring episodes that may lead to inheritance of chronic asthma. Significant rising episodes of acute asthma requiring hospitalization in children has occurred during the past 20 years. “In the age group 5 to 17 years, about 15 million persons have been diagnosed with asthma in the United States alone.
Pathophysiology
There are two basic types of asthma. The first is referred to as extrinsic asthma that causes acute episodes triggered by hypersensitivity to an inhaled antigen. The second type of asthma is intrinsic asthma. In this disease, other types of stimuli target responsive tissue that cause the acute attack. Bronchi and bronchioles respond to the stimuli with three changes: inflammation of
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Medication in orderly on the regular basis to prevent attacks you to allergens, exercise, and aspirin. Cromolyn sodium is a prophylactic medication that is administered by inhalation on a regular daily basis. The drug inhibits release chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells in the respiratory passages and decreases the number eosinophils, thus reducing the hyperresponsiveness of the tissues.
There is not yet a total cure for asthma and the causes of asthma are not fully understood. Sometimes children with asthma can grow out of their symptoms, or many years of regular treatment may make the disease disappear. However, asthma may recur again later in life. Allergy treatment using hypo sensitization (often called allergy vaccination) can very occasionally achieve a near-cure of asthma in someone with specific reactions to known allergens, but is unhelpful for most
R.S. has been using the recommended treatment for his condition, which inlcude inhaled short-acting Beta-2 agonist and Theophylline, a bronchodilator, to control his respiratory disease.
Medications used to treat hypothyroidism consist of armour, proloid, synthroid, cytomel and euthroid (Dellipizzi-Citardi, 2011, p.59). Armour is a thyroid tablet consisting of extracts of the thyroid gland. Proloid is also known as thyroglobulin, which consists of purified extracts of a pig’s thyroid. Another name for synthroid is levothyroxine sodium. Cytomel is also referred to as liothyronine sodium. Lastly, euthroid is called liotrex. (Dellipizzi-Citardi, 2011, p.59). Some side effects of these medications are angina and arrhythmias. One nursing implication for these medications is administering a single dose before breakfast with a full glass of water, initial doses are low and gradually increase based on a thyroid function test. (“Thyroid, levothyroxine & liothyronine”, n.d.) Another nursing implication is if a patient has difficulty swallowing the tablet, crush it and put it in five to ten milliliters of water and administer it immediately by either spoon or dropper. (“Thyroid, levothyroxine & liothyronine ”, n.d.)
The drug is usually smuggled into the United States by mail or delivery services. Rohypnol is not approved for medical use in the United States. It is widely used in other countries as a sleep aid. Rohypnol comes in a pill or tablet form as a solution to be injected. The pill or tablet is swallowed, chewed, or put under the tongue to dissolve slowly.
useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
Asthma is very common, but it isn’t well understood. Current treatments for the disease are getting to be more effective. In the future, hopefully advances in medical research will lead to even better treatments then the ones we currently have. We use our lungs to breathe they work by taking oxygen from the air we breathe in and then disposing it as carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide is a deadly waste product made by the cells of the body. Once this exchange has taken place, Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by breathing it out, or exhaling.
Imagine a young child competing with his or her fellow classmates during recess and immediately losing the ability to breathe normally. He or she stops in the middle of the competition and falls to the ground while holding his or her chest trying to find air. When you are young, being able to keep up with your peers during recess and sporting events is very important, however, having asthma restricts this. Asthma has a significant impact on childhood development and the diagnosis of asthma for children 18 years and younger has dramatically increased over the years. Asthma is known as a “chronic inflammation of the small and large airways” with “evident bronchial hyper-responsiveness, airflow obstruction, and in some patients, sub-basement fibrosis and over-secretion of mucus” (Toole, 2013). The constant recreation of the lung walls can even occur in young children and “lead to permanent lung damages and reduced lung function” (Toole, 2013). While one of the factors is genetics, many of the following can be prevented or managed. Obesity, exposure to secondhand smoke, and hospitalization with pneumonia in the early years of life have all been suggested to increase children’s risk of developing asthma.
"Asthma is a pulmonary disease with the following characteristics: 1) airway obstruction that is reversible in most patients either spontaneously or with treatment; 2) airway inflammation; and 3) increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli" (Enright, 1996, p. 375). There presently exist many varieties of asthma that differ in the severity, means of induction, and methods of treatment. One type is exercise-induced asthma. "Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a temporary increase in airway resistance and acute narrowing of the airway that occurs after several minutes of strenuous exercise, usually after the exercise had ceased" (Spector, 1993, p. 571). Perfectly healthy individuals with no history of asthma or allergies can experience EIA. EIA can be found in 5.6%-25% of the general population and in 40%-90% of asthmatics (Randolph, 1997). EIA has been recognized for over 300 years, but only recently have it's pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment been studied in detail.
Asthma is the leading cause of hospital admissions during childhood. Kumar and Robbins give an accurate definition of asthma as “a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night and/or early in the morning” (489). Asthma is a terrifying disease, especially in children, because of the sudden attacks that could claim lives if not treated immediately and effectively. Despite recent advancements in available drugs and overall therapy, the incidence of childhood asthma is rising (Dolovich 373). In order to effectively treat and eventually prevent the onset of asthma, more effective and economical therapies are necessary; although current knowledge has already led to breakthroughs in new drug treatments, the rising incidence rate calls for more. Therefore, to advance the effectiveness of asthma therapies, researchers must first look at the changes caused by the disease, the risk factors that cause or exacerbate it, and lastly understand the mechanisms of the current drugs.
Asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurring episodes of wheeling and breathlessness. It often exists with allergies and can be worsened through exposure to allergens. In fact, asthma is complicated syndromes that have neither single definition nor complete explanation to the point. In light of its treatment, it is worthwhile to notice that asthma cannot be cured, instead can be only managed by avoiding exposure to allergens and/or by using medications regularly.
...minophen (NIH).” Additionally, Hydroxyurea (Droxia) is prescribed that diminishes the rate of recurrence of pain and acute chest-syndrome in patients.
Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable air to pass into and out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death. Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a complication of heart failure. This article focuses on bronchial asthma.
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) 500 mg, 1-2 tablets 4 hourly PRN: Analgesic with limited anti-inflammatory activity (Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 887). Used to reduce the pain of
Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.
Most of you may not think of asthma as a killer disease, yet more that 5,000 Americans die of asthma each year. According to the Mayo Clinic web page, asthma also accounts for more that 400,000 hospital discharges annually. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with a person who has the disease. As far as I can remember, I have had asthma my whole life. My mother and one of my sisters also have asthma, so I have a first hand experience with it. This morning, I will discuss some interesting facts about asthma, I will specifically focus on what it is, warning signs, symptoms, causes, and the treatments that are used.
...rease the likelihood of an asthma attack, which is sometimes brought about by stress. Additionally acupuncture has been used to try and minimize the symptoms of asthma patients, but little research has been done in support of this method ("Alternative Therapy for Asthma"). There are not any surgeries that are associated with the treatment of asthma, but there is a new treatment called bronchial thermoplasty, where the smooth muscle that is in the airways of the lungs is treated with a small heated probe (Little). This helps to dilate the airways and decreases the symptoms associated with asthma. This treatment is still in its early stages of research and will need to be tested more in depth before it becomes a common procedure (Little). All of these treatment methods, including traditional and nontraditional, can be used in order to help people control their asthma.