Chromium
Chromium is a very hard, brittle, gray metal, which is sometimes referred to as Siberian red lead. It does not rust easily and becomes shiny and bright when it is polished. The shiny trim on our automobile bumpers and door handles is usually electroplated chromium.
Most chromium comes from something called chromite which is a mixture of chromium , iron, and oxygen. Chromite is a common rather ordinary black mineral that no one really noticed until more recent times. Nearly all the world's supply of chromite comes from Zimbabwe, Russia, Turkey, South Africa,
Cuba, and the Philippines. The United States imports almost all its chromite.
Chromium is added to other metals to make them harder and more resistant to chemicals. Small quantities mixed with steel make the metal stainless. Stainless steel is used to make cutlery and kitchen equipment because it does not rust easily and takes a mirror-like polish. This steel contains about 13 percent chromium and 0.3 percent carbon. The hardness of steel can be increased by adding small quantities of chromium to it. Chromium steel alloys (mixtures containing one or more metals) are used to make armor plating for tanks and warships. They are also used for ball bearings and the hard cutting edges of high-speed machine tools.
Nickel is highly resistant to electric current and is often added to chromium steels to make them easier to work. For example, stainless steel sinks can be pressed out from flat sheets of steel that can contain 18 percent chomium and 8 percent nickel.
When nickel is mixed with chromium, the resulting metal can stand very high temperatures without corroding. For example, the heating elements of toasters can be made from an alloy that is 80 percent nickel and 20 percent chromium. This metal operates at a temperature of about 1380 degrees
Fahrenheit (750 degrees Celsius).
Chromium was discovered in 1798 by the French chemist Nicolas
Vauquelin. He chose the name chromium from the Greek word chroma, which means color. Chromium was a good choice of name, many chromium compounds are brightly colored. Rubies are red and emeralds are green because they contain chromium compounds. Some of the brightest colors in the artist's palette contain chromium.
Chrome yellow is made from a substance which contains chromium, lead, and oxygen. Zinc yellow contains zinc, chromium and oxygen. Chrome red is another chromium compound. Chrome green is used in paints and in printing cotton
Iron is naturally iron oxide and purified iron rapidly returns to a similar state when exposed to air and water. This whole process can be seen below in figure 3 – ‘The corrosion
The original penny, first produced in 1787 by a private mint, was made of 100% copper. This composition would continue into the 1800's. Tin and zinc were added to make the penny bronze, and eventually the tin was removed. A copper/zinc ratio of 95/5% was used until 198...
This element when becoming an isotope can become radioactive due to its high activity as a metal. In its natural state it is a soft metal and it has a shiny “ wax “ like silver/white color to it, it is so soft that a knife could cut through it without a problem.
Lead in number 82 on the periodic table. Lead is usually found in ore with silver and copper and it is extracted together with them. Lead occurs naturally in the environment. However, most lead that is found in the environment results from human uses such as lead from batteries, gasoline or lead that has escaped into the environment from places like smelters.
If there is lead in the solution, the solution and the swab will turn yellow, brown, or black in color.
US Army Correspondence. (2000). METAL PROPERTIES, CHARACTERISTICS,. US ARMY REPAIR SHOP TECHNICIAN WARRANT. Retrieved from www.hnsa.org/doc/pdf/metal-properties
Silvery white and soft enough to be cut with a knife, gallium takes on a
Native Silver, or more commonly know as just “silver,” is a mineral that is created from the element silver (also called Argentum; abbreviated on the periodic table as Ag). It is seldom found as a native element mineral. Instead, it has tendencies to mix together with other minerals such as quartz, gold, and copper.1 11 Silver is actually not really reactive. It is even considered one of the “noblest” of the transition metals, noblest meaning “least chemically reactive.”5 In fact, it is used in many dishes as a fancy garnish that is able (and sometimes meant) to be eaten. Native silver also has one of the highest conductivity rates, both electrical and thermal, of metals. Because of this property, it is used in many electronic circuits as a thin coating.5 Due to its shiny, lustrous quality, native silver is also used for jewelry, decorations, and ornaments.
Alkylated phenols and their derivatives are important materials in both organic synthesis and chemical manufacturing. Mono-alkylphenols and di-alkylphenols are used as raw materials for the manufacture of a wide variety of products such as resins, wire enamels, varnishes, printing inks, antioxidants, flame retardants, ultraviolet absorbers, fungicide, petroleum additives and rubber chemicals [1-17]. Friedel–Crafts alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) produces 2-tert-butylphenol (2-TBP), 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) and tert-butylphenol ether (TBPE), depending on both the catalyst and the reaction conditions. Based on previous researches, it is well known that moderate acid catalysts or high reaction temperature led to carbon alkylated products and TBPE is produced in the presence of weak acidic catalysts as a major product. 2-TBP is the jarless product of alkylation of phenol with TBA owing to the presence of phenolic (–OH) group on the aromatic ring that kinetically favours o-alkylation. However, due to steric hindrance, thermodynamically unfavoured o-isomer (2-TBP) is readily isomerized into less hindered p-isomer (4-TBP), especially in moderate acidic media. If strong acid catalysts are used in the alkylation reaction, 2,4-DTBP is a dominant product [17,18]. 2,4-DTBP is used in the manufacture of its triphosphite and benzotriazole, which are employed as a co-stabilizer for PVC or UV absorbers in polyolefins [12,13]. 2-TBP is an intermediate for pesticides, fragrances and antioxidants [14]. High selectivity toward 4-TBP is favored since this product imparts enhanced properties to the class of metallic detergents (phenates) used in lubricating oil...
Copper has a natural resistance to corrosiveness. Instead of rusting, copper oxidizes, meaning it turns green. The reason why is copper has a protective film that covers it. This film is special because of its use to copper. But remember, copper is resistant not immune. The reason why it's resistant not immune is because the film can be destroyed if the corrosiveness is at that level of aggressiveness. Another reason why this film is special because if it's destroyed in soil, it can basically regenerate. Some of the levels of resistance in some copper pipes or ingots were enough to last since the Egyptians used copper pipes to carry water into their cities.
Niobium is a metal element. The elemental properties of Niobium are that is a ductile metal, it has a grey color, with a lustrous shine.
Lead is a metallic element with the atomic number of 82 which makes it the 82nd element on the periodic table. The luster of this element is a bluish-white. This extremely soft type of metal is greatly malleable and is a poor conductor of electricity. Lead is very resistant to corrosion when exposed to air; however, it tends to tarnish upon air exposure. The relative atomic mass for lead is 207.2 g/m and it also has a standard state of solid at 298 K. Lead falls in group 14 on the periodic table and its period on the periodic table is 6. “Pure lead is almost never found in nature; rather, it is found bonded with other compounds. Its most common form as an ore is galena, which is lead sulfide, a gray metallic ore”. (Waskey, 2008).
Copper and copper alloys, such as bronze, brass, leaded brass are commonly used in friction parts of machines, as bearing liners, bushings, and water with gas fittings. Properties such as high strength and ductility, fatigue strength, wear resistance and machinability are necessary for these materials. Obtaining such properties is possible by creating submicrocrystalline and nanocrystalline structures in the materials [1]. The most common copper alloys are the brasses for which zinc, as a substitutional impurity, is the superior alloying element. Some of the common brasses are yellow, naval, and cartridge brass and gilding metal. Some of the common uses for brass alloys include jewelry, cartridge parts, automotive radiators, musical instruments,